Lecture 4 - The Axial Skeletion Flashcards
1
Q
what are the four functional roles of the axial skeleton?
A
1) supportive and protective framework for internal organs
2) skull houses special sensory organs
3) vertebral column and ribs provide extensive attachment for muscles moving in the head, neck, trunk, and limbs
4) thoracic cage performs movements during respiration
2
Q
how many bones are in the neurocranium?
A
8
3
Q
how many bones are in the viscerocranium?
A
14
4
Q
name the bones in the neurocranium
A
- occipital
- temporal (2)
- parietal (2)
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- frontal
5
Q
name the bones in the viscerocranium
A
- mandible
- maxilla (2)
- zygomatic (2)
- palatine (2)
- vomer
- nasal (2)
- lacrimal (2)
- inferior nasal concha (2)
6
Q
bone located at the forehead
A
frontal bone
7
Q
two large bones on either side of the skull
A
parietal bones
8
Q
bone located at the very back of the skull
A
occipital bone
9
Q
two bones located by the ears
A
temporal bone
10
Q
the jaw bone
A
mandible
11
Q
two bones that make connections with your upper teeth
A
maxilla
12
Q
cheekbone that forms and arch with the temporal bone
A
zygomatic bone
13
Q
bone that seperates the cranium and the face
A
sphenoid
14
Q
bone associated with a sense of smell
A
ethmoid bone
15
Q
two bones associated with the nose and tear ducts
A
lacrimal bone
16
Q
two bones that form the top of the nose
A
nasal bones
17
Q
fibrous connective tissue that connects the frontal bone to the parietal bones
A
coronal suture (like a tiara)
18
Q
triangular shaped fibrous connective tissue that connects the parietal bones to the occipital bone
A
lambdoid suture
19
Q
fibrous connective tissue that connects the temporal bone to the parietal bone
A
squamous suture
20
Q
attaches to the sternaclaidomastoid
A
mastoid process
21
Q
associated with the tongue and hyoid
A
styloid process
22
Q
not a full canal, but an entrance
A
external auditory (acoustic) meatus
23
Q
surrounded by chewing muscles
A
zygomatic arch
24
Q
fibrous connective tissue that connects the two parietal bones
A
saggital suture
25
the superior and middle nasal conchae are both part of what bone(s)?
ethmoid bones
26
a gap in the sphenoid bone that allows vasculature and nerves to pass between the cranium and the face
superior orbital fissure
27
a gap in the sphenoid bone for the optic nerve to pass from the face to the brain
optic canal
28
not part of the ethmoid but has lots of vasculature that heats up air when breathing
inferior nasal conchae
29
two bones which form part of the hard palate, surrounds the nasal cavities, and reaches all the way up to the orbit
palatine bones
30
small bone at the base of the skull and forms part of the entrance to the nasal cavity
vomer
31
a joint surface at the bottom of the skull which articulates with the vertebral column
occipital condyle
32
the biggest hole in the body (for the spinal cord)
foramen magnum
33
hole in the temporal bone for the carotid artery to enter the skull
carotid canal
34
hole in the temporal bone where the jugalar vein exits the skull
jugular foramen
35
part of the ethmoid which has lots of little bones that allow for a sense of smell (densley innervated)
cribriform plate
36
pocket in the sphenoid bone where the pituitary gland sits
sella turcica (turkish saddle)
37
what part of the temporal bone allows for hearing and balance?
petrous portion
38
what are the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae?
where the lobes of the brain rest within the cranial cavity (taking steps down from anterior to middle to posterior)
39
what are the four main components of the mandible?
1) body of mandible
2) ramus
3) coronoid process
4) mandibular condyle
40
what is the TMJ?
temporomandibular joint
41
what are the four paranasal sinuses?
- frontal sinus
- ethmoid air cells
- sphenoidal sinus
- maxillary sinus
42
what are the sinuses?
holes in the bones
43
what are the three main functions of the paranasal sinuses?
- reduces the weight of the head
- humidifies air
- provides resonance for voice
44
areas of the skull in an infant that are made of dense regular CT where sutures will eventually form
fontanelles
45
why are fontanelles significant?
- if you have fusion right away, you can't grow your brain
- during birth, the bones can overlap w/ one another (conehead)
46
the only bones in your body that are fully formed at birth
auditory ossicles
47
name the three auditory ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
48
what type of joints are formed between the auditory ossicles?
synovial joints (allows movement)
49
the only bone in the body that does not articulate with other bones
the hyoid
50
what is the function of the hyoid?
muscles attached to the hyoid move the tongue, mandible, and larynx
51
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
52
how many thoracic vertebrae are there?
12
53
how many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
54
how many sacral vertebrae are there?
5 fused into one sacrum
55
how many coccygeal vertebrae are there?
3-5 fused into one coccyx
56
posterior curvature (applies to primary vertebral development)
kyphosis
57
anterior curvature (applies to secondary vertebral development)
lordosis
58
which parts of the spine undergo primary (before birth) development?
thoracic and sacral regions
59
whick parts of the spine undergo secondary (after birth) development?
cervical and lumbar regions
60
part of the vertebra that is weight bearing
vertebral body
61
made up of the pedicle and lamina
vertebral arch
62
roof of the vertebral arch
lamina
63
columns of the vertebral arch
pedicles
64
lateral portions of the vertebra associated with muscle attachment
transverse process
65
the posterior portion of the vertebra (can feel it from the back)
spinous process
66
superior and inferior portions of the vertebra that articulate with the vertebrae above and below it
articular processes/ zygopophysial processes
67
hole for the spinal cord
vertebral foramen
68
disc made of fibrocartilage that is attached between two vertebrae; absorbs shock/weight as you move
intervertebral joint/disc
69
synovial joint between the two adjacent articular processes
zygapophysial joint
70
the orientation of the zygapophysial joint determines:
movement of the vertebrae
71
vertebrae with the smallest bodies but the largest vertebral column, and a bifurcated spinous process
cervical vertebrae
72
part of the cervical vertebrae that allows for the passage of the vertebral arteries/veins supplying the brain
transverse foramen (2 of them)
73
another name for C1
atlas (holds the world)
74
another name for C2
axis
75
synovial joint between C1 and C2 that allows for rotaion of the head
atlanto-axial joint
76
synovial joint between the occipital condyles and C1 that allows for flexion and extension of the head
altlanto-occipital joint
77
what is the shape of the zygapophysial joints in the cervical vertebrae?
sloped (allows for lateral flexion)
78
vertebrae with an intermediated sized "heart shaped" body, smaller vertebral foramem, and supports the weight of the head and upper limbs
thoracic vertebrae
79
two synovial joints between the thoracic vertebra and associated rib which allows the rib to move during respiration
costovertebral joint
80
what is the shape of the zygapophysial joints in the thoracic vertebrae?
slanted (least amount of movement)
81
what makes up the thoracic cage?
- sternum
- ribs
- costal cartilage
- thoracic vertebrae
82
what are the three mainparts of the sternum?
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
83
ribs 1-7 are called:
true ribs
84
ribs 8-10 are called:
false ribs (connect to rib 7)
85
ribs 11-12 are called:
floating ribs (do not attach to sternum)
86
the part of the rib which connects to the transverse costal facet of the vertebra
tubercule (T&T)
87
the part of the rib which attaches to the costal facet of the vertebra
articular facets
88
vertebrae with large bodies (support weight of the body), have large processes for strong muscles, and a small vertebral foramen
lumbar vertebrae
89
what is the shape of the zygopophysial joints in the lumbar vertebrae?
curved (flexsion, extension, lateral movements, and rotation)
90
how do we get pinched nerves?
movement or herniation of the intervertebral discs
91
the part of the sacrum that articulates with L5
sacral promontory
92
the part of the sacrum that articulates with the pelvis
auricular surface
93
the coccyx is important for the formation and function of the:
pelvic floor
