Lecture 8

Question 1

What is the most common type of fat in the body?

Answer 1

Triglyceride

A triglyceride is composed of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol backbone.

Question 2

What is the first step in breaking down fats for energy?

Answer 2

Hydrolysis reaction

This process separates the fatty acids from the glycerol backbone.

Question 3

What is the process of breaking down a fatty acid into 2-carbon units (acetyl groups) called?

Answer 3

Beta Oxidation

Question 4

Fat Catabolism: How many ATP molecules can each acetyl group yield after going through the Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain?

Answer 4

18 ATP molecules

1 from the Krebs cycle, and 17 from ETC

Question 5

How many acetyl groups does a 20-carbon long fatty acid yield after Beta Oxidation?

Answer 5

10 acetyl groups

Question 6

What is the caloric yield of carbohydrates compared to fats?

Answer 6

Carbohydrates yield about 4 kcal per gram, while fats yield 9 kcal per gram.

Question 7

True or False: Acetyl groups can be turned into pyruvate.

Answer 7

False

The conversion of pyruvate into an acetyl group is irreversible.

Question 8

What is required for fats to be metabolized for energy?

Answer 8

Oxygen

Question 9

What happens to excess fat that is not used for ATP production?

Answer 9

It gets stored in fat cells (adipocytes).

Question 10

What is the primary purpose of dietary proteins?

Answer 10

To provide amino acids to make new proteins

Question 11

What process converts amino acids into ketoacids by removing the amino group?

Answer 11

Deamination

Question 12

What toxic waste product is produced during deamination?

Answer 12

Ammonia (NH3)

Question 13

What is the process of making glucose from amino acids called?

Answer 13

Gluconeogenesis

Question 14

Where is ammonia converted into urea?

Answer 14

In the liver

Question 15

What happens to urea after it is formed in the liver?

Answer 15

It is sent to the kidneys for excretion.

Question 16

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

Answer 16

Cleanses the blood of toxins and metabolic wastes

Question 17

What mechanism causes the bladder to empty?

Answer 17

Micturition

Question 18

Fill in the blank: The kidneys filter blood and create ______ as a byproduct.

Answer 18

urine

Question 19

What are the three steps of urine formation?

Answer 19

• Filtration
• Reabsorption
• Excretion

Question 20

What is the name of the tiny functional units of the kidneys?

Answer 20

Nephrons

Question 21

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 21

A cluster of blood vessels where filtration occurs in the nephron.

Question 22

What is the process of moving small particles into the Bowman’s capsule called?

Answer 22

Glomerular Filtration

This process allows tiny particles like salts, sugars, and urea to pass while excluding larger particles like proteins and blood cells.

Question 23

What structures in the nephron are primarily involved in reabsorption?

Answer 23

Proximal Convoluted Tubule, Loop of Henle (majority), and Distal Convoluted Tubule.

Question 24

What happens to particles once the filtrate enters the collecting duct?

Answer 24

Excretion

No more particles are returned to the blood; any particles entering the collecting duct will be excreted as urine.

Question 25

What is the outermost part of the kidney called?

Answer 25

Renal Cortex

Question 26

Which structure drains urine from each kidney?

Answer 26

Ureters

Question 27

What is the smallest functional unit of the kidney that filters blood?

Answer 27

Nephron

Question 28

Where does the filtration of blood in the nephron occur?

Answer 28

Glomerulus

Question 29

Fill in the blank: The flow of filtrate in the nephron is: Proximal convoluted tubule, ______, Distal convoluted tubule, Collecting Duct.

Answer 29

Loop of Henle

Question 30

Which molecule cannot pass from the Glomerulus into the Nephron?

Answer 30

Proteins

Question 31

Define Acute Renal Failure.

Answer 31

Temporary refusal of kidneys to filter blood due to acute insult.

Question 32

What is Chronic Renal Failure characterized by?

Answer 32

Permanent damage to kidneys after more than 85% of nephrons are damaged.

Question 33

What is the formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius?

Answer 33

°C = (°F - 32) / 1.8

Question 34

What is considered a normal core body temperature measured orally?

Answer 34

98.6°F

Question 35

Fill in the blank: Core body temperature below ______ is considered Hypothermia.

Answer 35

95°F

Question 36

What is the life-threatening temperature exceeding which medical emergency may occur?

Answer 36

104°F

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT true about the use of fats for energy? a. Fats can be used only aerobically b. Using fat for energy yields more ATP's than using glucose for energy c. Fat can be turned into glucose in case of hypoglycemia d. Fat is broken up into acetyl groups, which undergo krebs cycle and ETC e. Excess fat remains unused and gets stored in adipocytes

Answer 37

c. Fat can be turned into glucose in case of hypoglycemia

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT true about amino acid catabolism? a. Deamination of amino acids yields ammonia b. Ammonia is excreted by the kidneys c. Ammonia is converted into urea by the liver d. Urea is eliminated in urine

Answer 38

b. Ammonia is excreted by the kidneys

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT true? a. Ammonia cannot be excreted as is b. If the liver does not function properly, ammonia accumulates c. Hyperammonemia is indication of poor kidney function d. Hyperuremia may result from renal failure

Answer 39

c. Hyperammonemia is indication of poor kidney function

Question 40

Both ureters bring the urine into a muscular storage container, the ___

Answer 40

Urinary Bladder

Question 41

The bladder is emptied by the process called Micturition, by draining the urine through the ___.

Answer 41

urethra

Question 42

The emptying of the bladder is controlled by ____ (circular arrays of smooth muscle)

Answer 42

urethral sphincters ## Footnote There is the internal urethral sphincter, which is not consciously controlled, and the external urethral sphincter, which is controlled consciously.

Question 43

The middle part of the kidney, where urine is produced and collected

Answer 43

Renal Medulla

Question 44

Where urine is drained from the kidney into the ureter

Answer 44

Renal Pelvis

Question 45

Where the artery enters the kidney, it branches into millions of ____ (tiny arteries).

Answer 45

renal arterioles

Question 46

The renal arteriole becomes the ____ (or Glomerular Apparatus) which enters the ____ Capsule of the Nephron.

Answer 46

Glomerulus, Bowman’s

Question 47

The process of moving small particles, but not the large ones, into the Bowman’s capsule is called ____.

Answer 47

Glomerular Filtration

Question 48

Once inside the nephron, the small particles move down to the **Proximal Convoluted Tubule**, where the process of ____ begins.

Answer 48

reabsorption

Question 49

Most of the reabsorption happens in the next part of the nephron called the Loop of ____.

Answer 49

Henle

Question 50

The final step of reabsorption occurs in the ___.

Answer 50

Collecting Duct

Question 51

Infection of the urethra, often with the bladder, which may spread to the ureters or even kidneys.

Answer 51

Urinary Tract Infection

Question 52

Inflammation of the urinary bladder, causing painful and frequent urination or dysuria

Answer 52

Cystitis

Question 53

Inflammation of the renal pelvis; this is a complication of the UTI. If the infection spreads up from the bladder to the ureters, it may reach the kidneys.

Answer 53

Pyelonephritis

Question 54

Multiple cysts in the kidney, usually a hereditary condition.

Answer 54

Polycystic kidney disease

Question 55

When kidneys temporarily refuse to filter the blood due to acute physical or chemical insult, such as severe dehydration, poisoning, or trauma.

Answer 55

Acute Renal Failure

Question 56

Permanent damage to the kidneys, usually after more than 85% of nephrons are damaged by a chronic, untreated condition(s).

Answer 56

Chronic Renal Failure

Question 57

True/False: Fats can be converted into glucose.

Answer 57

False ## Footnote Since acetyl groups cannot be turned into glucose, fat can NEVER be turned into glucose

Question 58

When using fat for energy, animal cells produce:

Answer 58

Carbon dioxide and water

Question 59

When amino acids get deaminated, the immediate product is:

Answer 59

Ketoacids

Question 60

Protein catabolism:

Answer 60

Hydrolysis --> amino acids --> Deamination (ketoacid + ammonia, amino group removed) --> ammonia to liver --> Urea --> excrete out remaining water soluable waste via renal/urinary system.

Question 61

Fat Catabolism (aerobic)

Answer 61

Triglyceride: Hydrolysis --> glycerol & FAs --> Beta oxidation (acetyl groups) --> Krebs cycle --> ETC ## Footnote Each fat molecule yields many acetyl groups, which in turn can yield 18 ATP molecules each (1 from the Krebs cycle, and 17 from ETC)