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Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the monomers for nucleic acids called?

A

Nucleotides

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2
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

RNA and DNA

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3
Q

What are the three components of RNA monomers?

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Ribose
  • Nucleic base
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4
Q

Which nucleic bases are found in RNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Uracil
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5
Q

What are the three components of DNA monomers?

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Deoxyribose
  • Nucleic base
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6
Q

Which nucleic bases are found in DNA?

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
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7
Q

True or False: Uracil is found in DNA.

A

False

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8
Q

True or False: Thymine is found in RNA.

A

False

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9
Q

What bonds hold the complementing strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

What is the complementary base pairing for A in DNA?

A

T

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11
Q

What is the complementary base pairing for C in DNA?

A

G

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12
Q

What is the process of copying a gene to make mRNA called?

A

Transcription

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13
Q

What is the process of reading mRNA and translating it into a protein called?

Reading a sequence of nucleotides and decoding it into a sequence of amino acids that will make up a new protein.

A

Translation

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14
Q

What is a gene?

A

A portion of a chromosome that contains a recipe for making a specific type of protein

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15
Q

How many chromosomes are present in human DNA?

A

46

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16
Q

What does the term ‘Gene Expression’ refer to?

A

The entire process from activating gene transcription to activating a protein from translation

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17
Q

What can changes in the DNA sequence lead to?

A

Genetic disorders

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18
Q

What is a Point Mutation?

A

A change in a single nucleotide in a DNA sequence

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19
Q

What component is added to form Adenosine?

A

Adenine attached to Ribose

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20
Q

What is the structure formed by Adenosine and one phosphate group called?

A

Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: The molecule formed by adding two phosphate groups to Adenosine is called _______.

A

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The molecule formed by adding three phosphate groups to Adenosine is called _______.

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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23
Q

What is the full form of AMP?

A

Adenosine Monophosphate

AMP consists of Adenine attached to Ribose and one phosphate group.

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24
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate

ADP is formed when a second phosphate group is added to AMP.

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25
What is the full form of ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate ## Footnote ATP is created when a third phosphate group is added to ADP.
26
What type of bond is found between the second and third phosphate groups in ATP?
High-energy bond
27
What energy forms can the energy released from ATP be converted into? (List at least two)
* Mechanical energy * Electrical energy * Heat energy ## Footnote These conversions are essential for various cellular processes.
28
True or False: ATP can be compared to a rechargeable battery.
True
29
What is needed to recharge ATP back to its original form?
Energy from food molecules
30
According to R. J. Donatelle, what are the four components of Psychosocial health?
* Mental Health * Emotional Health * Social Health * Spiritual Health
31
What is the primary focus of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Prioritization of human needs from basic survival to self-actualization
32
Fill in the blank: The study of disease is known as _______.
[Pathology]
33
What are the two categories of Genetic Disorders?
* Disorders inherited from both parents * Disorders inherited from one parent
34
What causes nutritional disorders?
Imbalances of nutrients in the body
35
What type of disorders are caused by disruptions in cellular metabolism?
Metabolic Disorders
36
True or False: Autoimmune disorders are always inherited.
False
37
What is the significance of apoptosis in cancer cells?
Cancer cells never undergo apoptosis
38
What is the primary cause of infectious diseases?
Microorganisms
39
Fill in the blank: A malignant mass spreads by _______.
[Metastasizing]
40
What is the relationship between psychosocial health and physical health?
They are interconnected and can influence each other.
41
What is the first level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?
Physiological needs
42
What is the role of family medical history in patient assessment?
To identify genetic predispositions to diseases
43
What is the term for the study of the cause of disease?
Etiology ## Footnote Etiology helps in understanding the origins and factors contributing to diseases.
44
Define incidence in the context of disease.
The rate of new cases of a disease: when, where, and how often it occurs ## Footnote Incidence is different from prevalence, which refers to the existing cases in a population.
45
What is the difference between acute and chronic diseases?
Acute: sudden; less than 3 months, vs. Chronic: more than 3 months ## Footnote This classification helps in understanding the duration and management of diseases.
46
What does idiopathic mean?
Disease of unknown origin ## Footnote Idiopathic conditions pose challenges in diagnosis and treatment.
47
What is an iatrogenic disease?
Disease from adverse effects of treatment ## Footnote The term 'iatrogenic' comes from 'iatr', which means physician.
48
What is a communicable disease?
Transmitted from one person to another ## Footnote Examples include influenza and tuberculosis.
49
Define epidemic.
Many people acquiring a certain disease at the same time ## Footnote Epidemics often require public health interventions.
50
What is a pandemic?
Infectious disease spread over a large region ## Footnote The COVID-19 outbreak is an example of a pandemic.
51
What are nosocomial infections?
Infections caused by hospitalization, or acquired at clinical institutions ## Footnote These infections can complicate patient recovery and require additional treatment.
52
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom of disease?
Sign: objective evidence of disease Symptom: subjective evidence of disease ## Footnote Signs can be observed by others, while symptoms are reported by the patient.
53
What are the three stages of disease prevention?
* Primary Disease Prevention: Lifestyle choices to reduce risks * Secondary Disease Prevention: Regular check-ups to catch diseases early * Tertiary Disease Prevention: Treating diseases after diagnosis ## Footnote These stages help in managing health and reducing disease impact.
54
Infectious diseases acquired at clinical institutions are called _______.
Nosocomial ## Footnote These infections highlight the importance of hygiene in healthcare settings.
55
Catching a disease in its earliest stages by getting regular checkups is called _______.
Secondary disease prevention ## Footnote This approach is vital for early intervention and management.
56
What is the standard unit of mass in the metric system?
Gram ## Footnote The gram is a fundamental unit used in various scientific and medical contexts.
57
1 kilogram is equal to how many grams?
1000 grams ## Footnote This conversion is essential for understanding weights in clinical settings.
58
Convert 235 mg into grams.
0.235 grams ## Footnote Understanding these conversions is crucial for medication dosages.
59
What is the equivalent of 1 microgram in grams?
0.000001 gram ## Footnote Micrograms are often used in pharmacology, especially for potent substances.
60
True or False: An epidemic refers to a disease affecting a large region.
False ## Footnote An epidemic affects a specific area, while a pandemic spreads globally.
61
What do ribosomes do?
Catch the mRNA, read the mRNA sequence and translate it into an amino acid sequence to create a polypeptide which then coils into a 3-dimensional, functional protein (i.e translation).
62
When a doctor takes an aspiration from a mass of suspicious cells, it is called a
Needle Biopsy.
63
A term that defines how abnormal cells appear.
Dysplasia
64
The term for programmed cell death.
Apoptosis
65
The portion of the population already affected by the disease.
Prevalance
66
Objective evidence of disease (can be observed by others, such as medical professionals). For example, jaundice is a symptom of a disease, because another person (not the patient himself or herself) can see it.
Sign
67
Subjective evidence of disease. This is something that would be reported by the patient because only the patient can feel it. For example, when you have pain, only you can observe it. Others can not perceive it unless you tell them.
Symptom
68
Tay-Sachs disease most likely falls into this category:
Genetic disease
69
Micro-
0.000001 (one millionth)
70
Mili-
0.001 (one thousandth)
71
Centi-
0.01 (one hundredth)
72
Deci-
0.1 (one tenth)
73
Deca-
10 (ten)
74
Hecto-
100 (hundred)
75
1 centigram =
0.01 gram
76
1 decigram =
0.1 gram

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