Lecture 2

Question 1

What is the definition of Valency?

Answer 1

The number of electrons that an atom wants to gain or lose to have its outermost orbit filled to maximum capacity.

Question 2

What happens to Lithium (Li) when it gives up one electron?

Answer 2

It becomes a Cation with a charge of +1.

Question 3

What is the charge of Fluorine (F) when it gains one electron?

Answer 3

It becomes an Anion with a charge of -1.

Question 4

What are Inert elements?

Answer 4

Elements that do not interact with other atoms because they do not want to gain or lose electrons.

Question 5

Which element is an example of an Inert element?

Answer 5

Helium (He).

Question 6

How many protons and electrons does Helium (He) have?

Answer 6

2 protons and 2 electrons.

Question 7

What is the valency of Oxygen (O)?

Answer 7

2.

Question 8

What are Chemical Bonds?

Answer 8

Interactions between atoms that allow them to form molecules.

Question 9

What are the two major types of Chemical Bonds?

Answer 9

• Ionic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds

Question 10

What is an Ionic Bond likened to?

Answer 10

Marriage for Money, where one atom gives and another gains electrons.

Question 11

What is a Covalent Bond likened to?

Answer 11

Marriage for Love, where both atoms share electrons equally.

Question 12

Give an example of an Ionic Bond.

Answer 12

Sodium Chloride (NaCl).

Question 13

What happens to Ionic Bonds in water?

Answer 13

They dissociate easily.

Question 14

What is the maximum number of bonds Carbon can form?

Answer 14

4 bonds.

Question 15

What is the relationship between Valency and the number of bonds?

Answer 15

Valency is the number of bonds an atom can form.

Question 16

What are Hydrophilic molecules?

Answer 16

Molecules that dissolve in water and are attracted to polar molecules.

Question 17

What are Hydrophobic molecules?

Answer 17

Molecules that do not dissolve in water and are repelled by polar molecules.

Question 18

What defines an Organic molecule?

Answer 18

A molecule that has at least 1 Carbon atom surrounded by at least 1 Hydrogen atom.

Question 19

What defines an Inorganic molecule?

Answer 19

A chemical compound that lacks carbon-hydrogen bonds
(i.e. all other compounds, including water and carbon dioxide).

Question 20

List the 6 most common elements in Biochemistry.

Answer 20

• Carbon (C)
• Hydrogen (H)
• Oxygen (O)
• Nitrogen (N)
• Sulfur (S)
• Phosphorus (P)

Question 21

True or False: Non-polar molecules are attracted to polar molecules.

Answer 21

False.

Question 22

Fill in the blank: Molecules that are attracted to other polar molecules are called _______.

Answer 22

Hydrophilic.

Question 23

What happens when two atoms share 1 pair of electrons?

Answer 23

They form a single bond.

Question 24

What is a characteristic of polar molecules?

Answer 24

They have an uneven distribution of charge.

Question 25

What occurs during Hydrophobic interactions?

Answer 25

Non-polar molecules stick together and avoid polar molecules.

Question 26

What is the valency of Hydrogen (H)?

Answer 26

1 bond.

Question 27

What is the valency of Phosphorus (P)?

Answer 27

5* or sometimes 3 bonds.

Question 28

What is the outcome when two atoms share 3 pairs of electrons?

Answer 28

They form a triple bond.

Question 29

What is an inorganic substance?

Answer 29

A substance that does not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, such as CO2

Question 30

What are the 6 most common elements in Biochemistry?

Answer 30

C, H, O, N, S, P

Question 31

What types of bonds can carbon (C) form?

Answer 31

Single, double, or triple bonds

Question 32

Name three inorganic molecules commonly encountered in biochemistry.

Answer 32

* O2 (Oxygen gas) * H2O (Water) * CO2 (Carbon dioxide)

Question 33

Name three organic molecules discussed in biochemistry.

Answer 33

* Carbohydrates * Proteins * Lipids

Question 34

What are monomers?

Answer 34

Smaller, simpler units that link together to form polymers

Question 35

What is a polymer?

Answer 35

A chain of monomers linked together

Question 36

What is an anabolic reaction?

Answer 36

A building reaction where monomers are converted into polymers

Question 37

What is a catabolic reaction?

Answer 37

A breakdown reaction where polymers are converted back into monomers

Question 38

Match the following monomers with their corresponding polymers: Nucleotide, Amino Acid, Glucose, Fatty Acid.

Answer 38

* Nucleotide - DNA * Amino Acid - Protein * Glucose - Cellulose * Fatty Acid - Triglyceride

Question 39

What are body cavities?

Answer 39

Large spaces inside the body containing organs

Question 40

What are the two major body cavities?

Answer 40

* Dorsal * Ventral

Question 41

What does the dorsal cavity include?

Answer 41

* Cranial cavity * Spinal cavity (vertebral canal)

Question 42

What does the ventral cavity include?

Answer 42

* Thoracic cavity * Abdominal cavity * Pelvic cavity

Question 43

What is the thoracic cavity?

Answer 43

The space in the trunk of the body from the top down to the diaphragm

Question 44

What is the pericardial cavity?

Answer 44

The sac that encloses the heart

Question 45

What is the pleural cavity?

Answer 45

The cavity that encloses the lungs

Question 46

What is the mediastinum?

Answer 46

The space between the lungs containing organs and vessels

Question 47

What is the abdominal cavity?

Answer 47

The space from the diaphragm down to the hip bones

Question 48

What organs does the pelvic cavity contain?

Answer 48

* Urinary bladder * Rectum * Reproductive organs

Question 49

What are the nine regions of the abdomen?

Answer 49

* Right Hypochondriac * Epigastric * Left Hypochondriac * Right Lumbar * Umbilical * Left Lumbar * Right Iliac * Hypogastric * Left Iliac

Question 50

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

Answer 50

* Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) * Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) * Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) * Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Question 51

What is the formula to convert pounds to kilograms?

Answer 51

# kg = # lb / 2.2 lb/kg lb = # kg x 2.2 lb/kg

Question 52

How do you convert feet and inches into total inches?

Answer 52

Multiply feet by 12 and add the inches

Question 53

What is the conversion factor from inches to centimeters?

Answer 53

cm = in x 2.54

Question 54

The region of the abdomen inferior to the umbilical is:

Answer 54

Hypogastric region

Question 55

The region of the abdomen superior to the umbilical is:

Answer 55

Epigastric region

Question 56

The region lateral to the umbilical region is:

Answer 56

Lumbar region

Question 57

Lateral to the epigastric region of the abdomen is:

Answer 57

Hypochondriac region

Question 58

The region of the abdomen inferior to the lumbar is:

Answer 58

Iliac region

Question 59

Valency of Nitrogen?

Answer 59

3 (3 bonds)

Question 60

Valency of Sulfur?

Answer 60

2 (2 bonds)