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Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are lipids?

A

Water-insoluble biological molecules classified as non-polar molecules.

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2
Q

What is the monomer of fats?

A

Fatty acids.

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3
Q

Define saturated fatty acid.

A

A fatty acid saturated with hydrogen atoms and containing only single bonds.

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4
Q

Define unsaturated fatty acid.

A

A fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

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5
Q

What is a monounsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with only one Carbon-to-Carbon double bond.

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6
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid with two or more Carbon-to-Carbon double bonds.

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7
Q

How do saturated fats behave at room temperature?

A

They are usually solid.

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8
Q

What is the primary source of saturated fats?

A

Animal products.

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9
Q

What causes the kink in unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Double bonds between carbon atoms.

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10
Q

What is the cis-configuration in unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Hydrogen atoms on the same side as the adjacent carbon atoms in a double bond.

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11
Q

What is the trans-configuration in fatty acids?

A

Hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the adjacent carbon atoms in a double bond.

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12
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

A chemical reaction that adds hydrogen to a double bond, converting unsaturated fats into saturated fats.

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13
Q

What adverse byproduct is produced from incomplete hydrogenation?

A

Trans fats.

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14
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A lipid made of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

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15
Q

What is the function of triglycerides in the body?

A

To act as fuel for energy to make ATP.

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16
Q

What is a phospholipid?

A

A lipid formed by replacing one fatty acid of a triglyceride with a phosphate group.

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17
Q

What role do phospholipids play in cell membranes?

A

They create a bilayer with hydrophilic heads facing outwards and hydrophobic tails facing inwards.

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18
Q

What is cholesterol?

A

A lipid produced only by animals, important for various bodily functions.

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19
Q

What are the primary functions of cholesterol in the body?

A
  • Production of steroid hormones
  • Production of vitamin D
  • Production of bile salts and acids
  • Structural support for cell membranes.
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20
Q

True or False: Trans fats are naturally occurring in significant amounts.

A

False.

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21
Q

Fill in the blank: A fatty acid with two or more double bonds is called a _______.

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid.

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22
Q

What happens to trans fats in the body?

A

They are stored in fat cells and arteries, promoting fat gain and clogging arteries.

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23
Q

What food products commonly contain trans fats?

A

Hydrogenated oils, margarine, and certain baked goods.

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24
Q

Which type of fatty acid is primarily liquid at room temperature?

A

Unsaturated fats.

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25
What is the main function of cholesterol in the body?
Production of steroid hormones, production of vitamin D, production of bile salts and acids, structural molecule for cell membranes ## Footnote Cholesterol plays a crucial role in maintaining cell membrane structure and fluidity.
26
What are Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Thromboxanes derived from?
Arachidonic Acid ## Footnote These molecules are produced by the modification of Arachidonic Acid by the enzyme COX.
27
What is the primary role of Prostaglandins?
To initiate inflammation, causing vasodilation, swelling, and stimulation of pain receptors ## Footnote Prostaglandins are involved in the body's inflammatory response.
28
Fill in the blank: Lipid oxidation is caused by _______.
Free radicals
29
True or False: Free radicals are stable molecules that do not react with other molecules.
False ## Footnote Free radicals are highly unstable and reactive due to having an extra electron.
30
What happens to fats during lipid oxidation?
They become rancid ## Footnote Rancidity is characterized by a bitter-sour taste and smell due to the breakdown of fatty acids.
31
Which of the following is a pro-oxidant?
Oxygen, Radiation, Smoking, Alcohol, Light ## Footnote Pro-oxidants increase oxidative stress and can accelerate aging and disease.
32
What are antioxidants?
Substances that counteract free radicals and prevent oxidative damage ## Footnote Antioxidants play a vital role in protecting the body from oxidative stress.
33
List some examples of antioxidants.
* Vitamin E * Vitamin C * Beta carotene * Selenium * Flavonoids * Anthocyanins * Resveratrol * Lycopene
34
What is the size of a normal, healthy adult heart?
The size of an average clenched adult fist ## Footnote Heart size can vary based on age, size, and health conditions.
35
What is the function of the Pericardial Membrane?
To protect the heart and produce lubricating fluid for heart movement ## Footnote The pericardium enables smooth heart contractions.
36
What are the four chambers of the heart?
* Right Atrium * Left Atrium * Right Ventricle * Left Ventricle
37
What does the Right Ventricle do?
Pumps blood to the lungs ## Footnote This process allows for oxygenation of blood.
38
Fill in the blank: The internal wall of tissue dividing the right and left sides of the heart is called the _______.
Septum
39
What is the role of heart valves?
To ensure blood flows in one direction ## Footnote Valves prevent backflow of blood between heart chambers.
40
Name the four heart valves.
* Aortic Valve * Tricuspid Valve * Pulmonary Valve * Mitral Valve
41
What is the function of the Left Atrium?
Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs ## Footnote The left atrium plays a crucial role in the circulatory system by directing oxygenated blood to the left ventricle.
42
What is the valve that leads from the left ventricle into the aorta?
Aortic valve
43
What is the name of the valve that leads from the right atrium into the right ventricle?
Tricuspid valve ## Footnote Also referred to as the Right Atrioventricular Valve.
44
Which valve leads from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary valve
45
What is the valve called that leads from the left atrium into the left ventricle?
Mitral valve ## Footnote Also known as the Bicuspid Valve or Left Atrioventricular Valve.
46
What direction does oxygen-poor blood flow in the heart?
Enters the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cavae
47
Where does blood go after the right atrium?
Right ventricle
48
After the right ventricle, where is blood pumped next?
To the lungs through the pulmonary arteries
49
Where does oxygen-rich blood enter the heart?
Left atrium through the pulmonary veins
50
What is the role of heart valves?
Ensure blood flows in only one direction
51
What are the flaps that seal or open the heart valves called?
Leaflets or cusps
52
The membrane that surrounds the heart is called?
Pericardium
53
Which heart chamber contracts to send blood out to the aorta?
Left ventricle
54
Which heart chamber receives blood from the vena cava?
Right atrium
55
Which heart chamber sends blood to the pulmonary artery?
Right ventricle
56
Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
Left atrium
57
What is the heart valve that serves as a one-way door between the left atrium and left ventricle?
Mitral valve
58
What heart valve serves as the exit from the right ventricle?
Pulmonary valve
59
What heart valve serves as the exit from the left ventricle?
Aortic valve
60
True or False: Heart disease is the #1 killer in the United States.
True
61
What are the main types of cholesterol tested in blood work?
* Total cholesterol * Total blood triglycerides * Low-density lipoproteins (LDL) * High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
62
What does LDL stand for?
Low-Density Lipoprotein
63
What does HDL stand for?
High-Density Lipoprotein
64
What is considered 'bad' cholesterol?
LDL
65
What is considered 'good' cholesterol?
HDL
66
What condition is caused by hardening of the arteries due to plaque?
Atherosclerosis
67
What is the process of forming plaque in the arteries called?
Atherogenesis
68
What occurs when tissue is deprived of blood flow?
Ischemia
69
What is chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia called?
Angina Pectoralis
70
What is a heart attack caused by ischemia called?
Myocardial Infarction
71
What is the standard unit of volume in the metric system?
Liter
72
1 milliliter is equivalent to how many cubic centimeters?
1 cubic centimeter (cc)
73
1 teaspoon is approximately how many milliliters?
5 milliliters
74
In practice, 1 gram of fluid is approximately equal to how many milliliters?
1 mL or 1 cc
75
Convert 25 mL to dL.
0.25 dL
76
Convert 2200 dL to liters.
220 liters
77
Inside the heart, there is a layer of connective tissue lining the heart chambers. This CT layer is called the
Endocardium (“endo” means within, “card” means heart)
78
The muscular middle layer of the heart wall. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body.
Myocardium. ## Footnote This is a very special type of muscle because only the myocardium can generate its own electric impulses.
79
The part of the septum that divides the Atria (the two upper chambers of the heart) is called the
Atrial or Interatrial Septum
80
The part of the septum that divides the ventricles (the two lower chambers of the heart) is called the
Ventricular or Interventricular Septum.

EMB (23 decks)

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