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Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major categories of organisms on Earth?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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2
Q

Which type of organisms are more numerous on Earth?

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

What are all bacteria classified as?

A

Prokaryotes

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4
Q

What does ‘Eukaryote’ mean?

A

An organism whose cells contain a nucleus

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5
Q

What is the major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus

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6
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

To separate the inside of the cell from the outside and control the passing of molecules

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7
Q

What does the cytoplasm support?

A

All organelles

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8
Q

What is contained within the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

A

DNA (the chromosomes)

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9
Q

What does the nucleolus produce?

A

Ribosomes

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10
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

To translate the RNA sequence into an amino acid sequence

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11
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

To process (modify/sort) and package new proteins

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12
Q

What are centrioles responsible for?

A

Conducting cell division (mitosis)

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13
Q

What is the primary function of mitochondria?

A

To produce most of the cell’s ATP

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14
Q

What do lysosomes contain?

A

Digestive enzymes

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15
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

A container organelle that stores molecules

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16
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about Prokaryotes?
a. they are more ancient than Eukaryotes
b. they are much smaller than Eukaryotes
c. they are more anatomically complex than Eukaryotes
d. they do not have a cell nucleus
e. their DNA is free-floating in cytoplasm in the shape of a ring

A

d. They are more anatomically complex than Eukaryotes

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17
Q

Which of the following is considered a Prokaryote?
a. Yeast
b. Mold
c. Plant
d. Bacteria
e. Virus

A

d. Bacteria

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18
Q

What do bacterial cells have that animal cells lack?

A

Cell wall

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19
Q

What is the composition of the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Phospholipids and proteins

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20
Q

What type of transport requires ATP?

A

Active transport

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21
Q

When molecules can spontaneously move across the cell membrane, it’s called:
a. Active transport
b. Passive transport
c. Protein transport
d. Protein pump

A

b. Passive transport

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22
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement of molecules without the cell’s effort

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23
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

Movement of particles across a cellular membrane down the concentration gradient

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24
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution with a higher concentration than the reference solution

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25
What is a hypotonic solution?
A solution with a lower concentration than the reference solution
26
What is isotonic solution?
A solution with the same concentration as the reference solution
27
What is the fluid inside the cell called?
Intracellular fluid
28
What is the fluid outside of the cell called?
Extracellular fluid
29
What happens when the concentration of particles inside the cell is higher than outside?
Particles will passively diffuse out of the cell
30
What type of molecules can pass through the phospholipid bilayer by simple diffusion?
Small, non-polar molecules
31
What is an example of simple diffusion in the body?
Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange
32
What does the concentration gradient refer to?
The difference in concentration of particles across a membrane
33
What is the process by which oxygen moves from lung alveoli into the blood?
Simple diffusion ## Footnote Oxygen moves down its concentration gradient.
34
What is the fluid inside the cell commonly referred to as?
Intracellular fluid ## Footnote Other terms include intercellular fluid and cytoplasm.
35
Simple diffusion is characterized by molecules moving:
Down the concentration gradient ## Footnote It does not require energy.
36
Facilitated diffusion requires what type of assistance?
Special membrane proteins ## Footnote These proteins help large or polar molecules cross the membrane.
37
What is the process called when water moves down its concentration gradient?
Osmosis ## Footnote This involves water moving toward areas of higher solute concentration.
38
In osmosis, water moves toward which type of solution?
Hypertonic solution ## Footnote This is where solute concentration is higher.
39
Active transport requires what to move molecules across the cell membrane?
Energy (ATP) ## Footnote It works against the concentration gradient.
40
What is the function of a protein pump?
To move molecules against the concentration gradient ## Footnote This creates a concentration gradient for later use.
41
What is the Sodium-Potassium Pump responsible for?
Accumulating Na+ outside the cell and K+ inside the cell ## Footnote This helps create a concentration gradient for action potential.
42
What does phagocytosis refer to?
Engulfing large particles into the cell ## Footnote It involves forming a vesicle around the particle.
43
What is the term for the movement of particles out of the cell using vesicles?
Exocytosis ## Footnote This process expels materials like histamine.
44
The primary function of the respiratory system is to:
Bring oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide ## Footnote This is essential for gas exchange.
45
What is the mechanical process of moving air in and out of the lungs called?
Ventilation ## Footnote It involves inhalation and exhalation.
46
What structure prevents food from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing?
Epiglottis ## Footnote It closes the airway when swallowing.
47
The trachea branches into two pipes called what?
Bronchi ## Footnote Each bronchus leads to a lung.
48
What are the tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs in the lungs called?
Alveoli ## Footnote They maximize surface area for oxygen absorption.
49
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes ## Footnote The left lung has 2 lobes.
50
What is the space called between the pleural membrane and the thoracic cavity?
Pleural Space ## Footnote It is important for lung function.
51
What condition occurs when air accumulates in the pleural space?
Pneumothorax ## Footnote It can cause difficulty breathing.
52
What is the procedure called to drain air or fluid from the pleural space?
Thoracentesis ## Footnote It is necessary to prevent complications like atelectasis.
53
The collapsed lung or part of the lung is referred to as?
Atelectasis ## Footnote It may occur due to pneumothorax or pleural effusion.
54
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes
55
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2 lobes
56
What surrounds each lung?
Pleural membrane
57
What is the pleural space?
The space between the lung and the pleural membrane
58
Which structure leads to the pharynx?
Nasopharynx
59
Where is the epiglottis located?
Under the larynx
60
What does the epiglottis do?
Closes the entrance into the respiratory ways
61
What does the larynx contain?
Vocal cords
62
What keeps the trachea open?
Cartilaginous rings
63
What does the inferior trachea branch into?
Right and left bronchi
64
What is the correct airflow during inhalation?
Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
65
What can pneumothorax cause?
Dyspnea
66
What is pneumothorax?
When air accumulates between the lung and the pleural space
67
What can pneumothorax cause in terms of lung structure?
Collapse of a lung or a lobe of a lung
68
What procedure can alleviate pneumothorax?
Thoracentesis
69
True or False: All of the following statements about pneumothorax are true: it can cause dyspnea, it is when air accumulates between the lung and the pleural space, it can cause a collapse of a lung or a lobe of a lung, and it can be alleviated by Thoracentesis.
True
70
1 tsp (teaspoon) is equal to how many milliliters?
5 mL
71
1 Tbsp (tablespoon) is equal to how many milliliters?
15 mL
72
1 fl. oz. (fluid ounce) is equal to how many milliliters?
30 mL
73
How many milliliters are in 1 cup?
240 mL
74
1 pint is equal to how many milliliters?
480 mL
75
1 quart is equal to how many milliliters?
960 mL
76
1 gallon is equal to how many milliliters?
3840 mL
77
1 gallon is equal to how many liters?
3.84 L
78
How many milliliters are in ½ cup?
120 mL
79
How many tablespoons are in 1 cup?
16 Tbsp
80
Fill in the blank: 1 quart = _____ cups.
4 cups
81
Fill in the blank: 5 fl. oz. is equal to _____ ml.
150 mL
82
How many fluid ounces are in 180 ml?
6 fl. oz.
83
A 6-ounce cup holds how many milliliters of fluid?
180 mL
84
How many tablespoons are in 1 quart?
64 Tbsp
85
Substance dissolved in a solvent
Solutes
86
Aids in inhalation by contracting and creating a negative pressure inside the thoracic cavity; thus, the air is sucked into the lungs, bringing oxygen into the alveoli. When the _ relaxes, it returns to its original position, pushing the air out of the lungs. That process is called exhalation or expiration.
Diaphragm
87
If fluid, such as blood or plasma accumulates in the pleural space, it is called
Pleural effusion
88
Inner lung anatomy order:
Bronchus, bronchial trees, bronchioles, alveoli
89
A liquid that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gas particle
Solvent
90
Which of the following is the similarity between Protein Pump and Facilitated Diffusion? a. They both are a form of active transport Incorrect b. They both require molecules passing through membrane protein c. They both move molecules against the concentration gradient d. They both move molecules from high concentration to low concentration
b. They both require molecules passing through membrane protein
91
Which of the following is NOT true about the Upper Respiratory Tract anatomy? a. Nasopharynx leads to Pharynx b. Epiglottis, located under the Larynx closes the entrance into the respiratory ways c. Larynx contains vocal cords d. Trachea contains cartilaginous rings that keep it open at all times e. Inferior trachea branches into the right and left bronchi
b. Epiglottis, located under the Larynx closes the entrance into the respiratory ways
92

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