Lecture 7 Flashcards by Alysa Freeman

What is Cellular Metabolism?

The sum of all chemical reactions within the cell.

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Define Energy Metabolism.

The sum of all chemical reactions that deal with the conversion of energy from one chemical bond to another.

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What is ATP?

A molecule that stores and provides energy for cellular processes.

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How is ATP produced?

By converting the chemical energy of food into the energy of ATP through Cellular Respiration.

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What are macronutrients?

Nutrients consumed regularly in large amounts, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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What are micronutrients?

Nutrients consumed in small amounts, such as vitamins and minerals.

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List the steps of Nutrient Processing.

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Distribution
Cellular Metabolism
Waste Elimination

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What occurs during Ingestion?

The process of eating food to bring nutrients into the body.

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What is Digestion?

The breakdown of complex nutrient molecules into smaller absorbable units.

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Define Absorption.

The transfer of nutrients from the gut into the blood.

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What role does the liver play in nutrient processing?

Detoxifies substances and distributes nutrients into systemic circulation.

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What is Assimilation?

Incorporating nutrients into newly built tissues.

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What are the waste products of metabolism?

CO2
Ammonia (converted to urea)
Fat-soluble metabolites

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What is the preferred fuel for cells?

Glucose.

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What type of reaction is a burning or combustion reaction?

The reaction of any organic molecule with oxygen.

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What is the equation for cellular respiration of glucose?

Glucose + O2 + ADP’s + P’s = CO2 + H2O + ATP’s.

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What are the three major processes of glucose cellular respiration?

Glycolysis
Krebs’ Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

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What is the end product of Glycolysis?

2 Pyruvate molecules and 2 ATP molecules.

1 glucose molecule is split in half, into 2 Pyruvate molecules. This process of splitting a glucose molecule in half happens in the cytoplasm. 10 reactions. Reversible.

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What happens during the Intermediate Step?

Pyruvate is converted into an acetyl group and attaches to Coenzyme A, producing Acetyl-CoA.

1 CO2 is removed. Requires oxygen. Irreversible. This step takes place between the mitochondrial membrane and the cytoplasm.

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Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?

In the mitochondria.

12 chemical reactions

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How many ATPs are produced during the Krebs Cycle?

2 ATPs per acetyl group.

One from each cycle

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What does the Electron Transport Chain yield?

17 ATPs per acetyl group.

Requires oxygen. It takes place in the mitochondria.

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What is Aerobic Respiration?

Cellular respiration that requires oxygen.

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What happens during Anaerobic Respiration?

Glucose is metabolized without oxygen, producing only 2 ATPs and lactic acid.

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What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?

The conversion of pyruvate into lactic acid during anaerobic respiration.

What is the Futile Cycle?

The recycling of lactate back into glucose in the liver.

What do some fermenting organisms produce from pyruvate?

* Ethanol * CO2 gas | Such as yeast and bacteria ## Footnote Fermenting microbes to make all kinds of fermented products: e.g. cheeses, yogurts and other dairy products, salami, soy sauce, black tea, chocolate, and other foods.

True or False: Glycolysis requires oxygen.

False.

What is Gluconeogenesis?

The process of making glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

What is the process called when animal cells use glucose without oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration ## Footnote Anaerobic respiration allows cells to generate energy when oxygen is scarce.

How many ATPs are produced from the anaerobic respiration of glucose?

2 ATP's

What is the maximum number of ATPs produced from the aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule?

38 ATP's

What are the byproducts of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?

Lactic Acid ## Footnote Lactic acid buildup can lead to muscle fatigue.

The process of converting lactate (the byproduct of anaerobic respiration) back into glucose in the liver is called

Gluconeogenesis

What are the two divisions of the digestive system?

* Alimental Canal (GI tract) * Accessory Digestive Organs

Where does digestion begin?

Mouth (Buccal Cavity)

What is mastication?

The process of grinding food with teeth/tongue and mixing it with saliva.

What is the function of salivary glands? | accessory digestive organ

To provide saliva that contains antibacterial enzymes and amylases that begin carbohydrate breakdown.

What is the role of the epiglottis?

To prevent food from entering the respiratory tract during swallowing.

What is peristalsis?

The smooth muscle contractions that push the bolus through the GI tract.

What is the function of the esophageal sphincter?

To allow the bolus to pass into the stomach and prevent backflow. | AKA cardiac sphincter

What are the three main functions of the stomach?

* Produce gastric juice * Churn food into smaller particles * Store the bolus and release it into the duodenum

What is chyme?

Food particles mixed with gastric juice.

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

* Duodenum * Jejunum * Ileum

What is the primary function of the duodenum?

To complete most of the digestion and absorption of macronutrients.

What does the pancreas secrete? | Accessory digestive organ

* Amylases *(to digest amylose or starches)* * Lipases *(to digest lipids or triglycerides)* * Proteases *(to digest proteins)* | Pancreas exocrine gland functions ## Footnote It secretes most of the digestive enzymes straight into the duodenum.

What is the role of insulin?

To lower blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake in cells. | Pancrease endocrine function

What is the function of bile?

To aid in lipid digestion and absorption. ## Footnote Made by the liver (accessory digestive organ).

What does the large intestine primarily absorb?

Water and electrolytes.

What is the appendix's role in digestion?

None - it does not have a digestive function.

What is the function of villi in the small intestine?

To increase the surface area for maximum nutrient absorption.

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the last portion of the intestinal tract.

Rectum

What is the role of the appendix in the digestive tract?

None - it does not have a digestive function ## Footnote The appendix is often considered a vestigial organ with no essential role in digestion.

What is the role of the Villi in the Small Intestine?

To increase the surface area of the small intestine ## Footnote Villi are small, finger-like projections that enhance nutrient absorption.

The accessory digestive organs do not include:

Kidneys ## Footnote The kidneys are part of the urinary system, not the digestive system.

1 hour is equal to how many seconds?

3,600 seconds

1 day is equal to how many minutes?

1,440 minutes

What is the duration of a leap year?

366 days

February has how many days in a leap year?

29 days

Which of the following steps in respiration of glucose is irreversible? a. Glycolysis b. Production of Pyruvate from Glucose c. Production of Glucose from Pyruvate d. Conversion of Pyruvate into Acetyl group

d. Conversion of Pyruvate into Acetyl group

Which of the following processes in Glucose respiration does NOT require oxygen? a. Glycolysis b. Krebs cycle c. Electron Transport Chain d. None - all require oxygen

a. Glycolysis

Which of the following steps in Nutrient Processing is NOT completed by the Digestive System? a. Absorption b. Digestion c. Distribution d. Elimination

a. Absorption

Mouthful of food or fluid

Bolus

A tube that takes the bolus into the stomach.

The esophagus

The bolus enters the Pharynx as the Epiglottis closes the way to the _ ; thus, the food or water cannot go into the respiratory tract.

Larynx

A circular muscle that serves as a one-way door to the small instestine in which chyme is released.

the Pyloric Sphincter

Completes most of the digestion and absorption of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats). The duodenum receives secretions from the Liver and from the Pancreas (accessory digestive organs that provide secretions for normal macronutrient digestion and absorption).

Duodenum

Continues absorption of macronutrients and completes micronutrient (vitamins and minerals) absorption.

Jejunum

The concluding part of the small intestine that completes micronutrient absorption and leads into the Large Intestine.

Ileum

The Large Intestine (AKA Colon or Large Bowel) begins with the _ (a pouch), from which a small dead-end piece of the intestine protrudes, called the _.

Cecum Appendix

The Colon is also composed of three parts:

∙ Ascending colon (on the right side of the abdomen, going up from the cecum to just below the diaphragm ∙ Transverse colon (going horizontally across the belly, from right to left) ∙ Descending colon (on the left side of the abdomen going down to the sigmoid colon

The distal large intestine, looks like the letter "S" or "Sigma", named after its shape, leading to the rectum.

Sigmoid Colon

The exit from the Alimental Canal.

Anus

Which of the following organs belongs with the Digestive System, but is not a part of the Alimental Canal? a. Colon b. Cecum c. Gallbladder d. Jejunum e. Stomach

c. Gallbladder

Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? a. Store the bolus b. Produce Hydrochloric acid c. Churn the bolus and mix it with the gastric juice d. Produce Intrinsic Factor e. Digest and absorb most carbohydrates and fats

e. Digest and absorb most carbohydrates and fats

Most water and electrolytes are absorbed in: a. Duodenum b. Stomach c. Jejunum d. Ileum e. Colon

e. Colon