A chemical released by basophils that plays a role in inflammation and allergic responses Histamine is stored in granules within basophils and is released during immune responses.

Lecture 18 Flashcards by Alysa Freeman

What percentage of total Blood Volume do white blood cells comprise?

Less than 1%.

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Where are white blood cells created?

In the red bone marrow.

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What are the major lymphatic organs?

Spleen
Appendix
Thymus gland
Tonsils

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What is the largest lymph vessel in the body called?

Thoracic Duct.

collects lymph from 3/4 of the body, and then dumps it all into the blood, into the Left Subclavian Vein.

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What are the two categories of white blood cells?

AKA leukocytes

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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Name the types of Granulocytes.

Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Basophils

participate in non-specific immune response; i.e. they respond to all enemy articles the same way.

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What is an antigen?

Any particle or organism recognized by the immune cell army as foreign.

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What do Phagocytes do?

They ingest and digest dead microbes and clean up (the or dead/damaged cells) after battles with antigens.

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What type of white blood cell is known as the ‘clean-up crew’?

Macrophages & Phagocytes

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What is the role of Neutrophils?

Ingest and kill bacteria, then ingest damaged cells.

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What do Eosinophils produce to destroy microbes?

Lytic enzymes.

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What is the primary function of Basophils?

To alert specific response cells by releasing Histamine and initiating inflammation.

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What do Helper T-cells do?

Helper T-cells recognize the type of antigen first, then command the B-cells to produce specific antibodies, and then command the killer T-cells to kill the germs.

Direct immune response (AKA “general”)

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What is the function of B-cells?

To produce antibodies.

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What are antibodies also known as?

Immunoglobulins.

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What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

Active Immunity: body produces antibodies after exposure the microbe.
Passive Immunity: body receives ready-made antibodies.

When a person receives an active immunity vaccine, their body is exposed to a weakened strain of the germ, and the B-cells are forced to produce antibodies and memory against the germ.

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Which type of T-cell is responsible for killing antigens?

Killer T-cells (Cytotoxic T-cells).

AKA “soldiers”

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What happens when Helper T-cells are attacked by HIV?

It attacks specifically the Helper T-cells, decapitating the immune cell army. Without the army generals, the immune army is lost and cannot react to any antigens.

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What is fever a response to?

Infection.

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What part of the brain controls body temperature?

Hypothalamus.

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What is Sepsis?

Infection.

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What is Inflammation?

The body’s response to local tissue damage and a protective mechanism against infection.

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What are the steps of the Inflammatory Response Reaction Cascade?

Local cells release distress molecules.
Basophils release histamine.
Histamine activates Phospholipase-A.
Phospholipase-A releases Arachidonic Acid.
Arachidonic acid is converted to Prostaglandins Leukotrienes (LT) by COX-2.
Prostaglandins cause local vasodilation and stimulate pain receptors
Vasodilation of capillaries moves water from the blood capillaries into interstitial spaces, causing local swelling, redness, and tenderness.
LT attract WBCs, and the dilated blood capillaries allow WBCs to move into the local damaged area to fight off the infection.

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True or False: All tissue damage results in inflammation.

True.

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Fill in the blank: The _______ is responsible for maintaining homeostasis of body temperature.

Hypothalamus.

What is histamine?

A chemical released by basophils that plays a role in inflammation and allergic responses ## Footnote Histamine is stored in granules within basophils and is released during immune responses.

What enzyme is activated by histamine once released?

Phospholipase-A (PL-A) ## Footnote PL-A is crucial for the release of Arachidonic Acid from phospholipids in cell membranes.

What does Phospholipase-A (PL-A) do?

Lyses phospholipids to release Arachidonic Acid (AA) ## Footnote Arachidonic Acid is a precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

How is Arachidonic Acid converted into Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes?

By the enzyme COX-2 (Cyclooxygenase-2) ## Footnote COX-2 is involved in the inflammatory response.

What effects do Prostaglandins have?

Cause local vasodilation and stimulate pain receptors ## Footnote This leads to the perception of pain in the brain.

What is the result of vasodilation of capillaries?

Increased permeability to water, leading to edema, redness, and tenderness ## Footnote This is a common response during inflammation.

What role do Leukotrienes play in inflammation?

Attract white blood cells to the site of infection ## Footnote This facilitates the immune response to combat pathogens.

Which medications can help control inflammation?

Antihistamines, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and cold/ice packs ## Footnote Each works through different mechanisms to reduce inflammation.

What is the function of antihistamines like Benadryl?

Stop the effects of histamine during inflammation ## Footnote They block H1 receptors to prevent histamine action.

What do corticosteroids do in the inflammatory response?

Inhibit the enzyme PL-A ## Footnote This effectively reduces inflammation by preventing Arachidonic Acid release.

What are examples of COX inhibitors?

Aspirin, Ibuprofen, and Aleve ## Footnote These medications control the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

True or False: Cold packs stop the production of prostaglandins.

False ## Footnote Cold packs counteract vasodilation but do not inhibit prostaglandin production.

Which part of the brain elevates core body temperature to induce fever?

Hypothalamus

What is the purpose of a fever?

To activate the immune response and mobilize WBCs from lymphatic tissues ## Footnote Fever makes the body less hospitable to pathogens.

Where are white blood cells produced?

Red bone marrow ## Footnote They can also be found in lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues.

Which of the following is NOT true in the Inflammatory Reaction Cascade?

Phospholipase-A converts Arachidonic Acid into Prostaglandins and leukotrienes ## Footnote It is actually COX-2 that performs this conversion.

White blood cells attack connective tissues in the various internal organs of the body.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) ## Footnote However, lupus may also affect the skin, causing red rash, and joints, causing arthritis.

White blood cells attack synovial joints (easily movable joints) in the extremities: mostly the joints between the bones of the hands/fingers, feet/toes, knees, and, sometimes, spine.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) ## Footnote Common areas include fingers, toes, knees, and spine.

White blood cells attack the central nervous system: the brain and the spinal cord. Particularly, the protective tissue that covers the nerve cells called Myelin, exposing the vulnerable neurons to oxidative damage.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

White blood cells attack the neurotransmitter receptors (called nicotinic receptors) in neuromuscular junctions of the skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles), making those muscles unresponsive to nervous stimulation. When the nerve cells send impulses to the muscles to contract, the muscles cannot receive that impulse, and stay relaxed.

Myasthenia Gravis ## Footnote This can lead to progressive paralysis of voluntary muscles.

What are the main components of the Lymphatic System?

Tonsils, Thymus gland, Spleen, Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels ## Footnote These organs play vital roles in immune function and fluid balance.

What is the function of lymphatic vessels?

Return lymph fluid back into the blood ## Footnote Lymphatic vessels usually run parallel to the major blood vessels. They help prevent tissue swelling by draining excess interstitial fluid.

True or False: Blood enters the lymphatic vessels.

False ## Footnote Lymphatic vessels are designed to carry lymph, not blood.

What is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body?

Thoracic Duct ## Footnote It collects lymph from three-quarters of the body-- from most of the visceral organs, the entire left side of the body and the right lower extremity.

Where does the Right Lymphatic Duct drain lymph?

Right Subclavian Vein ## Footnote It collects lymph from the right side of the head and upper extremity.

Which is NOT a part of the Lymphatic System?

Liver ## Footnote The liver is part of the digestive system, not the lymphatic system.

What do lymph nodes do?

Filter lymph, remove excess fluid, kill pathogens and cancer cells ## Footnote They help in maintaining fluid balance and immune function.

A portion of the newly made white blood cells settle in the ____ (which include the Spleen, Thymus Gland, Appendix) and the ____, where they remain until called upon.

Lymphatic Organs, Lymph Nodes

the ____ vessels often run parallel to the blood vessels

lymphatic

Lymphatic System is made of:

Lymphatic Organs, Lymph Nodes, and Lymphatic Vessels

Types of Agranulocytes:

- Lymphocytes, which are divided into T cells (i.e. T lymphocytes) and B cells (i.e. B-lymphocytes) - Monocytes which later turn into Macrophages

Immunity acquired artificially is called

Immunization (i.e. vaccine).

Infection in the systemic circulation is

Systemic sepsis

Infection in the blood is

Septicemia

Which of the following is NOT true in the Inflammatory Reaction Cascade? a. Basophils release histamine in response to antigen or tissue damage b. Histamine activates phospholipase-A c. Phospholipase-A converts Arachidonic Acid into Prostaglandins (PG) and leukotrienes (LT) d. PG cause vasodilation and swelling e. LT attract WBCs to the affected area

d. Prostaglandins (PG) cause vasodilation and swelling

____ simply counteract vasodilation but do not stop the production of prostaglandins. The cold-causing vasoconstriction (opposite of vasodilation) prevents the swelling.

Cold/Ice packs

____ are all known as COX inhibitors. They control the production of prostaglandins and leukotrienes, thus controlling inflammation and pain. For this reason, this class of medications is known as the Non-Steroid Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs).

ASA, Ibuprofen, and Aleve

____ (the body’s naturally produced stress hormone) and ____ (medications, such as Prednisone, Hydrocortisone, Beclomethasone, etc, work as artificial cortisol) inhibit the enzyme PL-A. This is a very effective way to control inflammation.

Cortisol, corticosteroids ## Footnote Athletes use corticosteroids to control inflammation in injured tissues when they need to perform or compete.

____ stop the effects of histamine when inflammation starts.

Antihistamines

This mixture of plasma with white blood cells makes up the fluid called ____.

Lymph

The thoracic duct dumps all the lymph into the ____.

Left Subclavian Vein