Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats that we consume in large amounts
Macronutrients are utilized for energy or as building blocks.
What is the opposite of macronutrients?
Micronutrients
Micronutrients include vitamins and minerals and are consumed in smaller quantities.
What is a monosaccharide?
A carbohydrate consisting of a single monomeric unit
Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
What is a disaccharide?
A carbohydrate consisting of two monomeric units
Examples include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
What are oligosaccharides?
Carbohydrates are made up of several monomeric units
Oligosaccharides typically consist of 4 to 10 units.
What are polysaccharides?
Carbohydrates are composed of many monomeric units (10+ units).
Usually, starches and cellulose are called Complex Carbohydrates.
*Starches, such as amylose, amylopectin, or glycogen; and Fiber or Cellulose (the woody part of plants).
What are the two types of complex carbohydrates?
Digestible and non-digestible polysaccharides
Digestible include starches; non-digestible include cellulose.
What is the process that converts monomers to polymers?
Dehydration reaction
This involves removing a water molecule to form a covalent bond.
What is hydrolysis?
The reaction that breaks down polymers into monomers by adding water
Hydrolysis is the reverse of dehydration.
What are amino acids?
The monomers that make up proteins
There are 20 different kinds of amino acids.
What is a peptide bond?
The bond that links amino acids together in a protein chain
Formed by a dehydration reaction.
What distinguishes a polypeptide from a protein?
All proteins are polypeptides, but not all polypeptides are proteins
Proteins must be fully functional to perform a specific job.
What are some functions of proteins in the body?
Structural, transport, hormonal, receptor, enzymatic, clotting, immune defense
Examples include collagen, hemoglobin, and insulin.
What determines the function of a protein?
Its 3-dimensional shape
A protein’s shape allows it to interact with other molecules.
What are the four levels of protein structure?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Each level represents a different aspect of protein organization.
What is primary protein structure?
The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
Similar to a necklace made of beads in a precise order.
What characterizes secondary protein structure?
Coiling and folding of the amino acid chain
Includes alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.
What is tertiary protein structure?
The overall 3-D shape of a protein
Results from interactions between R-groups of amino acids.
What is quaternary protein structure?
The arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein
Many proteins require this level for full functionality.
What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in protein activation?
Modifying and activating proteins
Involves adding or removing components to achieve functionality.
True or False: All proteins are enzymes.
False
While many proteins are enzymes, there are various other functions they serve.
Fill in the blank: The removal of a water molecule to create a bond is called _______.
Dehydration
Fill in the blank: The addition of water to break a bond is called _______.
Hydrolysis
What is the name of the (covalent) bonds that hold amino acids in a protein chain?
Peptide bonds
