Lecture 16 Flashcards by Alysa Freeman

What are the four components of blood?

Blood Plasma
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) – Erythrocytes
White Blood Cells (WBCs) – Leukocytes and Lymphocytes
Platelets – Thrombocytes

Blood is classified as a liquid connective tissue.

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What are the primary functions of blood?

Transport substances around the body
Helps defend the body against microbes
Helps stabilize the body’s pH
Can help stabilize body temperature

Blood acts as the transportation system for molecules between organs and tissues.

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True or False: Blood helps defend the body against microbes.

True

The immune system utilizes blood, particularly white blood cells, to combat microbial invasions.

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What is the normal pH range of blood?

7.35-7.45

Blood pH is crucial for proper body functioning, with deviations leading to acidosis or alkalosis.

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Fill in the blank: Blood plasma contains certain molecules which act as _______.

buffers

Buffers help maintain pH levels in the blood.

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How does blood help stabilize body temperature?

By regulating heat losses through skin capillaries

The hypothalamus controls this function.

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What is the average total blood volume in an adult human?

4-5 Liters

Blood volume can vary based on body size.

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What is the maximum percentage of blood volume an adult can lose and still survive?

40%

Class IV Hemorrhage
Blood loss of > 40% or > 2.24 L

Losing more than this amount can lead to severe complications.

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What are the symptoms of Class II Hemorrhage?

Heart starts to beat faster
Person looks pale and feels cool
Beginning stages of shock

This class of hemorrhage involves a blood loss of 15%-30%.

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What is the composition of blood plasma?

About 55% of the volume of blood

Plasma is the liquid component of blood, containing water, salts, sugars, and proteins.

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Which of the following is NOT a part of Blood Plasma?
a. Transport proteins b. Electrolytes c. Platelets d. Water e. Glucose

c. Platelets

Platelets are considered a solid component of blood, not a part of plasma.

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What is the most abundant plasma protein?

Albumin

Albumin plays a key role in transporting substances and maintaining colloidal pressure.

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What does hypoalbuminemia indicate?

Poor protein intake or liver function

Low levels of albumin can lead to swelling and indicate nutritional issues.

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What are the two major particles controlling osmotic movement of water in and out of the blood?

Albumin: the major plasma transport protein
Sodium: the major plasma electrolyte

Both play critical roles in fluid balance and blood pressure regulation.

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What is the role of sodium in blood?

It controls osmotic water movement and affects blood pressure

Normal serum range is 135-145 mMol/L. AVG is 140 mmol/L.

Sodium is the most abundant extracellular electrolyte.

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True or False: High levels of albumin indicate dehydration.

True

The body does not produce excess albumin; therefore, high levels suggest that the blood is concentrated due to low water content.

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What are platelets derived from?

Megakaryocytes

they are fragments of Megakaryocytes

Platelets are cell fragments essential for hemostasis.

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What is the primary function of platelets?

Hemostasis

This involves forming blood clots to stop bleeding.

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What is the lifespan of platelets in the bloodstream?

No more than 1 week

Despite their short lifespan, millions of platelets circulate in the blood.

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What happens during severe hypoalbuminemia?

Water moves out of the blood into interstitial spaces, causing swelling

This condition can lead to pitting edema.

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What is hypertension?

High blood pressure

It can result from increased blood volume due to high sodium intake.

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What is the major function of platelets?

To provide Hemostasis, i.e., to stop bleeding in case of blood vessel rupture.

Define Hemostasis.

The process of forming a blood clot (or thrombus) to stop blood loss through a broken blood vessel.

What are the components required for Hemostasis?

Platelets
Clotting Factors (special proteins produced in the liver)

List the steps of the Hemostasis Reaction Cascade.

* Blood vessel ruptures * Automatic smooth muscle spasm, blood vessel constricts * Damaged cells of the ruptured blood attract Platelets * Thromboxanes TX activate Platelets to aggregate at the rupture site to form a temporary plug * Clotting factors are activated to accumulate and form a network to glue platelets together * A more stable plug is formed; i.e., Thrombus or Blood Clot

Which of the following is NOT true about platelets? a. They are made in the red bone marrow b. They are derived from megakaryocytes c. They are special type of blood cells d. They help create a temporary plug when a blood vessel ruptures e. They play an important role in hemostasis and thrombogenesis

c. They are special type of blood cells

What happens when a blood vessel ruptures?

It constricts automatically by smooth muscle contraction. ## Footnote Step 2 of the Hemostasis Reaction Cascade

What are the three major types of blood vessels?

* Arteries * Veins * Capillaries

What do arteries do?

Carry blood AWAY from the Heart, toward the tissues.

What do veins do?

Carry blood BACK TO the heart from the tissues.

Where does the exchange of molecules between blood and tissues occur?

Across the walls of Capillaries. ## Footnote (or capillary beds)

Fill in the blank: The inner-most layer of an artery is called the _______.

Intima (or Tunica Intima)

What is the middle layer of the arterial wall responsible for?

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation. ## Footnote called Tunica Media

What causes blood to move up the veins back to the heart?

Skeletal muscle contractions and inner valves that prevent backward blood flow.

What is Varicosity?

The condition when veins bulge out as blood pools inside due to valve breakdown under extreme pressure. ## Footnote or Varicose Veins

What happens when valves inside the veins break?

* They can no longer prevent the blood from going backward * This will allow the blood to pool down by gravity * The veins become varicose

Composition of plasma:

91% water + 9% nutrients, metabolites, plasma proteins

Nutrients in plasma:

electrolyes, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, glucose

metabolites in plasma:

urea, creatinine, creatine

Plasma proteins in plasma:

Clotting factors, enzymes, transport proteins, lipoproteins, hormones

What are the symptoms of Class I Hemorrhage?

- Almost no signs/symptoms - Blood loss of ≤15% or 0.84 L

What are the symptoms of Class III Hemorrhage?

∙ Heart beats very fast, trying to keep up with body’s needs ∙ The person looks very pale and starts to become confused ∙ The person is in shock and trouble – fluids are needed very quickly ## Footnote Blood loss of 30% to 40% or 2.24 L

Which of the following is NOT true about blood plasma? a. It comprises over 90% of total blood volume b. It contains clotting factors c. It carries nutrients d. It carries metabolites e. It is a clear fluid, in which other blood components are suspended

e. It is a clear fluid, in which other blood components are suspended ## Footnote It is a yellowish fluid

normal serum Albumin levels are

3.5 – 5.0 g/dl

Functions of Albumin

1. Transport Molecule: transport is Albumin’s primary function. It is a nonspecific transporter. 2. Attract Water by Osmosis to keep it in the blood; i.e. to maintain colloidal pressure.

____ is the space between cells in tissues.

Interstitial Space

severe hypoalbuminemia, when albumin levels fall below

2.5 g/dl

Which of the following is NOT true about Hypoalbuminemia? a. It can be caused by severe protein malnutrition b. It can lead to pitting edema c. It can be caused by dehydration d. It may cause water molecules to move from blood into interstitial spaces

d. It may cause water molecules to move from blood into interstitial spaces

Which of the following is NOT produced in the Bone Marrow? a. Leukocytes b. Erythrocytes c. Thrombocytes d. Clotting factors

d. Clotting factors

the outermost layer of an artery is called

Adventitia (or Tunica Adventitia)

Larger arteries branch out into smaller ones, which branch into tiny arteries called ____.

Arterioles

Arterioles bring blood to the ____, where the exchange of molecules happens.

Capillary beds

From the capillaries, the blood flows to tiny veins called ____, which join larger veins on the way back to the heart.

Venules

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arteries happens due to smooth muscle contractions in: a. Tunica intima b. Tunica media c. Tunica adventitia d. All of these

b. Tunica media