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Lecture 19 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

The system of all major hormones and the glands that produce those hormones, working with the Nervous System to maintain homeostasis.

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2
Q

What are the two types of glands in the body?

A
  • Exocrine glands
  • Endocrine glands
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3
Q

What do Exocrine glands produce?

A

Fluid secretions (mucus, milk, sweat, saliva) delivered via ducts to the intended destination; which is generally the lumen (the inside space of a tubular structure) or surface of an organ.

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4
Q

What are Endocrine glands known as?

A

Ductless glands.

their secretions comprise hormones that go directly into the blood, which then carry the hormones to their destination, the target tissues.

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5
Q

What do hormones produced by Endocrine glands enter?

A

The bloodstream.

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6
Q

What are the two categories of hormones?

A
  • Fat-soluble (Steroids + Thyroxin)
  • Water-soluble (Peptides and Catecholamines)
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7
Q

What is a major function of fat-soluble hormones?

A

They enter the cell and reach receptors on the DNA to turn on or off gene expression.

(e.g. Cortisol, Estrogen)

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8
Q

What is a major function of water-soluble hormones?

A

They attach to membrane receptors on the cell surface to start a chemical reaction inside the cell.

(e.g. Insulin, Oxytosin, Adrenaline)

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9
Q

What are the 9 Major Endocrine glands?

A
  • Pituitary
  • Pineal
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads (testes/ovaries)
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10
Q

What are ‘The Hormone ABCs’?

A
  • Home gland (the endocrine gland that produces it)
  • Stimulus for production and release
  • Target Tissues (the hormone’s destination)
  • Function (what does it do in the target tissues and how does it do it?)
  • Signs and Symptoms of Deficit and Excess
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11
Q

Which gland is known as the Master Gland?

A

Pituitary Gland.

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12
Q

What is the size of the Pituitary gland compared to?

A

No larger than a garbanzo bean.

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13
Q

What are the two lobes of the Pituitary gland?

A
  • Posterior Pituitary
  • Anterior Pituitary
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14
Q

What hormones does the Posterior Pituitary produce?

A
  • Oxytocin
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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15
Q

What does Oxytocin stimulate?

A

Uterine contractions and milk release during lactation (mammary glands during lactation).

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16
Q

What is the primary role of the Anterior Pituitary?

A

Produces Tropic Hormones in response to releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.

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17
Q

What is the function of Human Growth Hormone (hGH)?

AKA Somatotropin

A

Stimulates growth in bones and skeletal muscles.

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18
Q

What is the effect of a deficit of Human Growth Hormone in children?

A

Dwarfism.

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19
Q

What is the effect of an excess of Human Growth Hormone in children?

A

Gigantism.

In adults (after the epiphyseal plates close): Acromegaly:
∙ bones grow thicker

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20
Q

What is the location of the Thyroid Gland?

A

In the neck region, under the Larynx and in front of the Trachea.

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21
Q

What hormones does the Thyroid Gland produce?

A
  • Thyroxin
  • Calcitonin
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22
Q

What is the function of Thyroxin?

A

Stimulates cells to be more active, burn more fuel (fat & glucose), and produce heat.

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23
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin?

A

Lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoblasts to deposit calcium into the bone. Thus, the bone tissue serves as a calcium bank in the body.

produced in thyroid gland

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24
Q

What hormone does the Parathyroid Gland produce?

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH).

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25
What is the function of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
Increases serum calcium levels.
26
What happens when blood calcium levels drop?
PTH is released.
27
What is the relationship between Calcitonin and PTH?
They are antagonists; PTH increases serum calcium while Calcitonin decreases it.
28
Fill in the blank: The hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates the adrenal gland is _______.
ACTH.
29
True or False: Calcitonin increases serum calcium levels.
False. ## Footnote The function of Calcitonin is to provide calcium homeostasis
30
What condition is caused by Hypocalcemia?
Muscle spasms ## Footnote Hypocalcemia can also lead to poor bone density due to low dietary calcium absorption and calcium losses via kidneys.
31
What is the effect of excessive bone resorption?
Osteoporosis
32
What are the antagonistic hormones involved in Calcium Homeostasis?
PTH and Calcitonin
33
What does PTH do when serum calcium levels fall?
Increases serum calcium levels
34
Which hormone is produced by the Thyroid gland besides Thyroxin?
Calcitonin
35
Parathyroid hormone is produced in response to?
Low serum calcium
36
What is the function of Calcitonin?
To lower blood calcium
37
What disease can Hyperthyroidism cause?
Grave's disease
38
Where are the adrenal glands located?
On top of the kidneys
39
What is produced by the Adrenal Medulla?
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline ## Footnote AKA Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
40
What is the primary response augmented by Adrenaline?
Fight-or-flight response ## Footnote targets all tissues via sympathetic nervous system response
41
Which hormone influences glucose metabolism?
Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)
42
What is the stimulus for the release of Cortisol?
ACTH ## Footnote Targets all tissues including brain
43
What condition is caused by Cortisol deficiency?
Addison’s Disease
44
What are the effects of excessive Cortisol?
Cushing Syndrome
45
What does Aldosterone regulate?
Salt (sodium) in the body ## Footnote Made in adrenal cortex. Targets nephrons of kidneys.
46
What is the stimulus for the release of Aldosterone?
Low blood pressure or Low blood sodium
47
Which hormone is produced by Alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans?
Glucagon
48
What is the function of Insulin?
Stimulates the uptake of glucose into cells ## Footnote by Beta cells (home gland). Targets all cells of the body. Please note one exception: the brain and RBC/WBC are non-insulin-dependent.
49
What condition results from Insulin deficiency?
Diabetes Mellitus Type I
50
What are the 3 P’s of Hyperglycemia?
Polyphagia (hungry), Polydypsia (thirsty), Polyuria
51
What does Glucagon do?
Increases blood glucose via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis ## Footnote Home Gland: Alpha Cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the Pancreas. Stimuli: hypoglycemia. Target Tissues: Liver and Skeletal Muscles.
52
What is the primary hormone produced by the Pineal Gland?
Melatonin
53
What stimulates the release of Melatonin?
Darkness (lack of light) ## Footnote Suppressed by light
54
What is the primary role of Melatonin?
Regulation of the circadian rhythm ## Footnote Target Tissues: Brain and Reticular Activating System (RAS), responsible for wakefulness and alertness
55
What happens to Melatonin levels during the day?
Melatonin falls in the morning
56
What condition can result from a deficit of Melatonin?
Insomnia
57
What commonly causes a deficit of Melatonin?
Lack of darkness or jetlag
58
What condition is caused by an excess of Melatonin?
Seasonal Affective Disorder ## Footnote Treated w/ bright light therapy.
59
In Alaska, during winter time, what is commonly experienced?
Seasonal Affective Disorder
60
What does ADH (Antidiuretic hormone) stimulate?
Stimulates renal nephrons to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys to reduce water losses and increase blood volume
61
Hypothalamic-releasing hormones reach the anterior pituitary via the ____.
Hypophyseal Portal Vein
62
GHRH: Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone produces ## Footnote Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone
hGH: Human Growth Hormone Stimulates bones and skeletal muscles to grow ## Footnote Anterior Pituitary Hormones (produced in response to RH)
63
CRH: Corticotropin Releasing Hormone produces ## Footnote Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone
ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic Hormone Stimulates the cortex of the adrenal gland to grow and produce cortisol ## Footnote Anterior Pituitary Hormones (produced in response to RH)
64
TRH: Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone ## Footnote Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone
TSH: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - Stimulates the Thyroid gland to grow and produce the Thyroid hormone ## Footnote Anterior Pituitary Hormones (produced in response to RH)
65
GnRH: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ## Footnote Hypothalamic Releasing Hormone
LH: Luteinizing Hormone - Stimulates gonads to produce sex hormones (Progesterone in Females and Testosterone in Males
66
GnRH: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
FSH: Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Stimulates gonads to produce the sex cells (stimulates the ovarian Follicle development in Females and Sperm development in Males) - Stimulates gonads to produce steroid sex hormones (Estrogen in Females)
67
An additional hormone produced in the anterior pituitary is ____. It is an exception because it does not require stimulation by releasing hormones from the hypothalamus.
Prolactin (PRL)
68
What is the effect of a deficit of Human Growth Hormone in adults?
Simmond’s Disease: ∙ wasting of tissues (skeletal muscles) due to lack of amino acid uptake
69
Function & target tissue of Human Growth Hormone:
Target Tissues: Long bones (Epiphyseal plates and Skeletal muscles) Function: ∙ Stimulate cells in epiphyseal plates of long bones to grow and reproduce ∙ Stimulate longitudinal bone growth ∙ Stimulate skeletal muscle growth (by stimulating the uptake of amino acids into cells)
70
Stimulus & target tissues for thyroxin (T3/T4)
Stimulus for release: TSH (from the anterior pituitary) Target Tissues: all cells in the body, including the brain cells
71
Thyroxin deficit in children can cause
Cretinism: ∙ growth retardation ∙ mental retardation ∙ goiter (enlargement of the thyroid)
72
Thyroxin deficit in adults can cause
Hypothyroidism Sx: ∙ causes patient to feel cold, lethargic, fatigued ∙ weight gain ∙ myxedema ∙ If the deficit is due to Iodine deficiency, results in goiter ∙If the deficit is due to TSH deficiency, does not result in goiter
73
Excess thyroxin can cause
Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s Disease): ∙ patient feels hot ∙ hyperactivity ∙ insomnia ∙ anxiety ∙ weight loss ∙ exophthalmos (bulging eyes) ∙ If caused by TSH excess, results in goiter
74
Stimulus for release of calcitonin?
High blood calcium (hypercalcemia) ## Footnote Target Tissues: Bone (osteoblasts)
75
A deficit of calcitonin...
∙ causes poor calcium deposits in the bone, resulting in low bone density ∙ cannnot correct for hypercalcemia
76
An excess of calcitonin causes...
Excessive removal of calcium from the blood (hypocalcemia)
77
Function(s) of PTH:
PTH goes primarily to the kidneys which activate Vitamin D (one of the roles of the kidneys). The activated Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol) does 3 important things: 1. stimulates the Gut Mucosa to increase calcium absorption from food 2. stimulates the nephrons to increase calcium reabsorption to minimize calcium losses 3. stimulates osteoclasts in the bone tissue to release calcium from the bone matrix into circulation (a process called bone resorption)
78
The ____, the middle of the Adrenal Gland is believed to be a major ganglion of the Sympathetic Nervous System and it receives stimuli directly from the Sympathetic Nerves.
Adrenal Medulla
79
The Endocrine Pancreas is composed of clusters of hormone-producing cells called ____, which are scattered among the Acinar cells (exocrine, enzyme-producing cells).
Islets of Langerhans
80
Function(s) of Insulin
It is an anabolic hormone; i.e. it stimulates the uptake of fuel and building materials into cells and helps tissue generation. Stimulates the uptake of: ∙ glucose from blood into cells ∙ amino acids from blood into cells ∙ fatty acids from blood into cells ∙ potassium into cells (removes K from blood)
81
Short-term excess of insulin can cause:
Short-term Insulin excess: usually from exogenous insulin injection. Causes: ∙ Hypoglycemia ∙ Hypokalemia: may lead to cardiac dysrhythmias or arrest ## Footnote Long-term: insulin resistance or DM2

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