Lecture 15

Question 1

What are the two ways bacteria can make us sick?

Answer 1

Infection and intoxication

Question 2

Define infection in the context of pathogenic bacteria.

Answer 2

Microbes cause illness by their presence, using host resources, and destroying host tissues

Question 3

Define intoxication in the context of pathogenic bacteria.

Answer 3

Microbes produce chemicals that are toxic to the host, causing poisoning when ingested

Question 4

Provide an example of a bacteria that causes infection.

Answer 4

E. coli

Question 5

Provide an example of a bacteria that causes intoxication.

Answer 5

Staphylococcus aureus

Question 6

What is the Food Temperature Danger Zone?

Answer 6

40°F – 140°F or 4°C – 60°C

Question 7

How long can food be kept within the temperature danger zone?

Answer 7

No longer than 3 hours total

Question 8

What is one key food safety rule regarding hand washing?

Answer 8

Always wash your hands when preparing food

Question 9

Which bacteria is known for producing an enterotoxin that causes food poisoning?

Answer 9

Staphylococcus aureus

Also causes acne. Is heat resistant.

Question 10

True or False: Freezing kills microbes.

Answer 10

False

Question 11

What is the primary treatment for Methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA)?

Answer 11

Vancomycin (IV only)

Common cause of bed-sore infections and wound infections in bed-ridden patients

Question 12

What disease does Treponema pallidum cause?

Answer 12

Syphilis

Spiral-shaped bacteria use their shape to penetrate tissues like a screw

Question 13

What are the common symptoms of Salmonella enteric infection?

Answer 13

Diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps

Question 14

What type of bacteria is Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 14

Spirilli-shaped bacteria

Question 15

What is the primary disease caused by Clostridium difficile?

Answer 15

Colitis

Question 16

Fill in the blank: The first symptom of Tetanus is _______.

Answer 16

locked jaw

Question 17

What causes Botulism?

Answer 17

Ingesting live Clostridium botulinum bacterial cells

Question 18

What should be done with food that is suspected to be contaminated with Clostridium botulinum?

Answer 18

When in doubt – throw it out!

Question 19

What is the common cause of Gas Gangrene?

Answer 19

Clostridium perfringens

Question 20

What are the symptoms of Bacillus cereus food-borne infection?

Answer 20

Nausea and Vomiting

Question 21

What is a significant risk factor for developing ulcers from Helicobacter pylori?

Answer 21

Smoking, alcohol, coffee on an empty stomach, stress

Question 22

True or False: Clostridium tetani is an obligate anaerobe.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

What is a common source of contamination for Escherichia coli?

Answer 23

Animal feces

Question 24

What happens when Staphylococcus aureus multiplies in food?

Answer 24

It produces an enterotoxin that causes food poisoning

Question 25

Which bacteria is known to cause bacterial meningitis in children?

Answer 25

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Antibiotic therapy for Tuberculosis can take up to _______ months.

Answer 26

12

Question 27

What type of bacteria is Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

Answer 27

Gram-negative diplococcus

Question 28

What is the condition under which Cl. botulinum endospores will not germinate?

Answer 28

Acidic conditions

Question 29

What is the pH level that prevents Cl. botulinum infections in anaerobic foods?

Answer 29

pH > 6.3

Question 30

When in doubt about food safety, what should you do?

Answer 30

Throw it out

Question 31

Match Treponema pallidum with its disease.

Answer 31

Syphilis, lesions in multiple tissue layers

Question 32

Match E. coli with its associated symptom.

Answer 32

Diarrhea

Question 33

Match MRSA with its associated symptom.

Answer 33

Bed sore infections, penicillin-resistant

Question 34

Match Clostridium tetani with its associated symptom.

Answer 34

Spastic paralysis

Question 35

Match Clostridium botulinum with its associated symptom.

Answer 35

Flaccid paralysis

Question 36

Match Mycobacterium tuberculinum with its associated symptom.

Answer 36

Pus tubercles in lungs or bone tissue ## Footnote ∙ Rod-shaped, with atypical cell wall

Question 37

Match Staph. aureus with its associated symptom.

Answer 37

Food poisoning: N/V/D

Question 38

Match Bacillus cereus with its associated symptom.

Answer 38

Nausea and Vomiting only ## Footnote ∙ Large gram-positive rods ∙ Sporulating, come from soil

Question 39

Match C. diff. with its associated symptom.

Answer 39

Gas, bloating, constipation

Question 40

Match Clostridium perfringens with its associated symptom.

Answer 40

Gas gangrene

Question 41

Match Helicobacter pylori with its associated disease.

Answer 41

Stomach ulcer

Question 42

Match Hemophilus influenza with its associated disease.

Answer 42

Bacterial meningitis in children | Part of normal upper respiratory flora ## Footnote ∙ Can also cause laryngitis, conjunctivitis (pink eye), otitis (ear infection) ∙ Causes secondary infection as a result of immunosuppression by primary infections (such as flu) or by medications.

Question 43

Match Neisseria gonorrhoea with its associated symptom.

Answer 43

Excess discharge from external genitalia ## Footnote * If untreated in a pregnant woman, it may get introduced to the baby during delivery and cause blindness.

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a factor that increases the risks of peptic ulcers?

Answer 44

None - all of the above increase the risk of peptic ulcers

Question 45

Gas gangrene is most common in patients with which condition?

Answer 45

Diabetes

Question 46

Acne is most commonly caused by which bacterium?

Answer 46

Staph. aureus

Question 47

What type of organisms are viruses considered?

Answer 47

Obligate intracellular parasites

Question 48

Why are viruses not considered living organisms?

Answer 48

They have no metabolic processes of their own

Question 49

What must viruses do to reproduce?

Answer 49

Be inside a host cell

Question 50

What do viruses inject into their host cells?

Answer 50

DNA or RNA

Question 51

What is the additional step in the retroviral life cycle?

Answer 51

Reverse Transcription RNA → DNA

Question 52

What enzyme is used for Reverse Transcription in retroviruses?

Answer 52

Reverse Transcriptase

Question 53

What is an example of a DNA-containing virus?

Answer 53

Herpes virus

Question 54

What is an example of a retrovirus?

Answer 54

HIV

Question 55

What is a prion?

Answer 55

A special protein introduced into the body by ingesting the brain and nervous tissue of infected animals.

Question 56

What disease can a prion cause?

Answer 56

Mad Cow's Disease

Question 57

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 57

1. Support and movement of the body 2. Mineral storage 3. Blood cell formation (inside the bone marrow) 4. Protection of internal organs

Question 58

What is the process of turning cartilage into bone called?

Answer 58

Ossification

Question 59

Which cells are responsible for bone formation?

Answer 59

Osteoblasts

Question 60

What do osteoclasts do?

Answer 60

Break down bone

Question 61

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?

Answer 61

5

Question 62

What are the top 7 pairs of ribs called?

Answer 62

True ribs

Question 63

How many pairs of floating ribs are there?

Answer 63

2 ## Footnote ribs 11-12

Question 64

What is the role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

Answer 64

Maintain bone tissue

Question 65

What happens during osteoporosis?

Answer 65

Bones break down faster than they can be built up

Question 66

What is the main function of osteoblasts?

Answer 66

Deposit calcium into the bone matrix

Question 67

What is the main function of osteoclasts?

Answer 67

Release calcium into circulation

Question 68

The food leftovers MUST be quickly...

Answer 68

cooled and refrigerated immediately!

Question 69

Food leftovers can be reheated...

Answer 69

ONLY ONCE!

Question 70

When reheating food, make sure to bring the internal temperature of the food to...

Answer 70

AT LEAST 140 degrees F.

Question 71

The virus contains ____ inside its capsule ## Footnote Ex: Herpes virus, Flu virus

Answer 71

DNA

Question 72

Retrovirus contains ____ inside its capsule ## Footnote Ex: HIV

Answer 72

RNA

Question 73

Steps for the reproduction of viral particles is as follows:

Answer 73

1. When a viral particle attaches to its host cell, it injects its DNA into the host. 2. Then the DNA makes its way into the host’s nucleus, where it begins expression. 3. As the viral DNA is transcribed and translated, the host’s cell, without realizing it, produces body parts for more viral particles 4. The viral body parts assemble themselves into complete viral particles. 5. Eventually, the host cell bursts, and newly made viral particles are released to go on and attack more host cells.

Question 74

The retroviral life cycle has one additional step: ∙ For the host cell to express the viral genes, the genes have to be in DNA form; this means that a retrovirus must first convert RNA back into DNA. This is called:

Answer 74

Converting RNA back into DNA is called Reverse Transcription. This step is accomplished by a special enzyme called Reverse Transcriptase.

Question 75

Anti-HIV drugs work by

Answer 75

Inhibiting the reverse transcriptase enzyme

Question 76

2. Which of the following is NOT true about the life cycle of a Retrovirus? a. Retrovirus carries the reverse transcriptase with it b. When retrovirus binds to its host cell, it injects its DNA into it c. Retroviral DNA is composed of genes that code for more retrovirus particles d. Retroviral body parts assemble themselves into complete retrovirus particles e. HIV is an example of a Retrovirus

Answer 76

b. When retrovirus binds to its host cell, it injects its DNA into it

Question 77

Which of the following is NOT true about viruses? a. They can reproduce only inside host cells b. They produce metabolic waste products that can poison the host cell c. They match with specific types of host cell d. They carry their genes inside a capsid to inject it into the matching host cell e. They use the host cell's resources to make more viral particles

Answer 77

b. They produce metabolic waste products that can poison the host cell

Question 78

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

Answer 78

Top 7

Question 79

How many thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 79

Middle 12

Question 80

Sacral is:

Answer 80

S1-S5

Question 81

tailbone is AKA?

Answer 81

Coccyx

Question 82

The Rib Cage is a cage of ____ pairs of ribs attached to the ____ vertebrae in the back and to the ____ in the front.

Answer 82

12, thoracic, sternum

Question 83

Ribs (#8, 9, and 10) are ____ ribs, because they are attached to the rib above them, not to the sternum.

Answer 83

False

Question 84

Which of the following is NOT true about bone turnover? a. Osteoclasts take calcium out of the bone matrix to put it in the bloodstream b. Osteoblasts take calcium from blood and deposit it into bone matrix c. Osteoblasts produce collagen and elastin d. Once ossified, the bone tissue stays unchanged

Answer 84

d. Once ossified, the bone tissue stays unchanged