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Lecture 14 Flashcards

1
Q

What is microbiology?

A

The study of microbes.

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2
Q

Define a microbe.

A

Microscopic organisms that cannot be seen with the naked eye.

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3
Q

List the living things included in microbiology.

A
  • Bacteria (prokaryotic organisms)
  • Protista (unicellular eukaryotes)
  • Mycotae (yeasts and fungi)
  • Some microscopic animals (worms and insects)
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4
Q

What non-living things are studied under microbiology?

A
  • Viruses
  • Retroviruses
  • Prions
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of bacterial cells?

A
  • They contain no nucleus
  • DNA is free-floating in the cytoplasm
  • They contain a cell wall
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6
Q

True or False? 90% of bacterial species on Earth are harmful to humans.

A

False

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7
Q

What is the purpose of a culture swab in microbiology?

A

To identify bacterial species from a sample.

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8
Q

How are bacteria classified by appearance?

A
  • Type of cell wall
  • Cell shape and arrangement in space
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9
Q

What technique is used to differentiate bacteria based on their cell wall types?

A

Gram Staining technique

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10
Q

What color indicates Gram-positive bacteria after staining?

A

Blue or purple

blue dye (called crystal violet),

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11
Q

What color indicates Gram-negative bacteria after staining?

A

Hot pink

red dye called safranin

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12
Q

List the three major shapes by which bacteria are classified.

A
  • Coccus (round)
  • Bacillus (rod-shaped)
  • Spirillus (twisted or helix-shaped)
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13
Q

What are the two types of bacterial metabolism?

A
  • Photosynthetic Bacteria
  • Respiration
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14
Q

What are the three types of respiration performed by bacteria?

A
  • Aerobic
  • Fermentation
  • Obligate Anaerobic
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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Bacterial reproduction occurs mostly by simple ______.

A

mitosis

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16
Q

What is an endospore?

A

A hard shell formed around bacterial DNA for preservation.

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17
Q

What is the process of forming an endospore called?

A

Sporulation

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18
Q

What is germination in bacteria?

A

The process of an endospore turning back into a live adult cell.

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19
Q

What common foodborne infection is associated with Bacillus cereus?

A

Food-borne infection resulting in vomiting.

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20
Q

True or False? Most sporulating bacteria come from the soil.

A

True

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21
Q

What is a symbiotic relationship?

A

A mutually beneficial relationship between two organisms.

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22
Q

What are Normal Flora?

A

Good bacteria living in the gastrointestinal tract and on the body surface.

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23
Q

What do bacteria provide to humans in a symbiotic relationship?

A

Some vitamins.

(Vitamin C, Folate, Niacin, etc)

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24
Q

What is the opposite of a symbiotic relationship?

A

Host and Parasite Relationship

25
What must newborns receive within the first 15 minutes of birth?
Vitamin K shot ## Footnote Newborn babies are born with sterile gut; i.e. no bacteria in the colon, and therefore, have no source of Vitamin K which is essential for making clotting factors by the liver
26
What is a classic example of a parasite?
Mosquito ## Footnote It feeds on human blood, but does not harm the human (generally)
27
What is a pathogen?
An agent that causes illness in the host
28
What are germs?
Pathogenic microbes
29
What term describes pathogens that only cause problems when given the opportunity?
Opportunistic pathogens
30
Opportunistic pathogens are normally present where?
Inside or on the surface of the host, and whose growth is normally controlled by the immune system.
31
What can weaken the immune system and allow normal flora to multiply?
Viral flu (primary infection)
32
What type of infections can arise after a viral flu due to opportunistic bacteria?
Secondary infections
33
What does the outer ear include?
* Pinna (Auricle) * External Auditory Canal * Tympanic Membrane (Ear Drum)
34
What are the three tiny bones in the middle ear called?
* Malleus * Incus * Stapes
35
What is the function of the outer ear?
Collect sound waves and direct them through the ear canal
36
What amplifies the vibrations of the tympanic membrane?
Ossicles of the middle ear
37
What does the term 'Malleus' mean?
Hammer
38
What does the term 'Incus' mean?
Anvil
39
What does the term 'Stapes' mean?
Stirrup
40
What structures are responsible for balance and equilibrium?
* Semicircular Canals * Vestibule
41
What fluid fills the cochlea and semicircular canals?
Endolymph
42
What detects sound waves in the cochlea?
Hair-like structures called cilia
43
What happens to high-frequency sound waves in the cochlea?
Excite the more narrow part of the cochlea
44
What part of the brain is responsible for balance and coordination?
Cerebellum
45
What connects the ear to the throat?
Eustachian tube
46
Bacteria are considered ____ organisms
prokaryotic
47
Use sunlight energy to produce ATP’s by converting light energy into chemical energy of molecular bonds
Photosynthetic Bacteria ## Footnote bacterial metabolism
48
The conversion of the chemical energy of other molecules into the energy of ATP.
Respiration ## Footnote bacterial metabolism
49
Bacterial metabolism: Uses oxygen to convert glucose and fat into energy (like humans). Produce CO2 and Water (like humans)
Aerobic Respiration
50
Bacterial metabolism: 2 types 1. Lactic Acid Fermentation: produces Lactic Acid 2. Alcoholic Fermentation: produces CO2 and Ethanol
Facultative Anaerobic Respiration (i.e. Fermentation)
51
Bacterial metabolism: Cannot stand oxygen! Grow in places where there is no air. Use Sulfur (S2) instead of O2. As a result, produces H2S instead of H2O (Hydrogen sulfate has a strong offensive odor like rotten eggs or meat).
Obligate Anaerobic Respiration
52
Bacteria that can form spores are called
sporulating bacteria
53
The outermost visible part of the ear is called the ____, which collects the sound waves.
Pinna (or Auricle)
54
The ____ (or the ear canal) directs the collected sound waves toward the ear drum, the ____, which then begins to vibrate with the frequency of the sound wave.
External Auditory Canal Tympanic Membrane
55
As the tympanic membrane vibrates from the sound waves, it causes a stronger vibration in the ____ (the first ossicle), which in turn, causes an even stronger vibration in the ____, which moves the ____ even more.
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
56
By the time the vibrations reach the Stapes, which causes the ____ of the inner ear to vibrate, the vibrations are amplified over 20 times, compared to the strength of the initial sound wave.
Cochlea
57
Inner Ear AKA
Labyrinth
58
The labyrinth is composed of the
Cochlea, which looks like a snail's shell, and three Semicircular Canals.

EMB (23 decks)

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