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Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Genetics?

A

Genetics is the study of genes, how genes produce certain characteristics, and how they are inherited.

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2
Q

What is a Gene?

A

A portion of the DNA that codes for a specific protein, determining a specific characteristic.

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3
Q

What is Locus?

A

The specific location of a gene on a specific chromosome.

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4
Q

How many chromosomal pairs do humans have?

A

Humans have 23 chromosomal pairs.

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5
Q

What are Alleles?

A

Alternative versions of the same gene inherited from each parent.

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6
Q

What is Genotype?

A

A list of all alleles present in an offspring, inherited from both parents.

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7
Q

What is Phenotype?

A

The outcome of the genotype; the physical or chemical result of the expression of the present alleles.

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8
Q

How do different genotypes affect Phenotypes?

A

Different genotypes result in different phenotypes.

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9
Q

What does a Homozygous genotype mean?

A

A genotype consisting of two identical alleles.

BB, bb

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10
Q

What does a Heterozygous genotype mean?

A

A genotype consisting of two different alleles.

Bb

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11
Q

What determines the phenotype in a heterozygous genotype?

A

The interaction between the alleles, often where one allele is dominant and the other is recessive.

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12
Q

What is a Dominant allele?

A

An allele that masks the effects of a recessive allele when both are present.

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13
Q

What is a Recessive allele?

A

An allele that is overshadowed by the dominant allele and only expressed in a homozygous recessive genotype.

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14
Q

True or False: Recessive alleles are always expressed when present.

A

True.

Not always dominant

However, can result in the recessive Phenotype only in the case of a Homozygous Recessive genotype

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15
Q

What is a Punnett’s Square?

A

A tool used to determine all possible outcomes of offspring by crossing the parents’ alleles.

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the physical characteristic resulting from the genotype.

A

Phenotype

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17
Q

What is the genotype for a female who is a carrier of hemophilia?

A

Xh Xn

This genotype indicates she has one normal allele and one hemophilic allele.
Xn Xn (healthy female)
Xh Xn (carrier of an abnormal allele, but a healthy female)

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18
Q

What is the genotype for a male with hemophilia?

A

Xh Y

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19
Q

What are the possible genotypes for a healthy male?

A

Xn Y

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20
Q

If a female has the genotype Xh Xh, what condition does she have?

A

Hemophilia

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21
Q

In codominance, how do two different alleles express themselves?

A

Equally

EX: blood types

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22
Q

What is the genotype for a person with blood type A?

23
Q

What are the possible genotypes for a person with blood type O?

24
Q

What is the outermost layer of the eyeball called?

25
What is the function of the vitreous gel in the eye (in the vitreous body)?
Helps maintain the spherical shape of the eyeball
26
What layer of the eye absorbs most light entering through the pupil?
Retina
27
What causes the 'red-eye' effect in photographs?
Light shining through the retina illuminates the vascularized choroid layer
28
What is the clear structure in front of the eye that protects and nourishes the crystalline lens?
Cornea
29
What is the clear and colorless layer of the eye called?
Cornea ## Footnote front of eye
30
What fluid is located behind the cornea and in front of the crystalline lens?
Aqueous Humor
31
What is the membrane that covers the front of the eye called?
Conjunctiva
32
What condition is caused by an infection of the conjunctiva?
Conjunctivitis (pink eye)
33
What structure is attached to the eyeball by tiny fibers called the ciliary muscle?
Crystalline Lens
34
What is the function of the ciliary muscle?
Changes the shape of the crystalline lens
35
What is the colored part of the eye that regulates light entry called?
Iris
36
True or False: The pupil is a physical structure of the eye.
False
37
What part of the eye detects light and excites the optic nerve?
Eye Retina
38
What are the two major types of photoreceptors in the retina?
Rods and Cones
39
Which type of photoreceptor is used in dim light?
Rods ## Footnote produce no color detection; only shades of gray
40
Which photoreceptors detect all colors of the rainbow?
Cones ## Footnote Cones produce clear images at high resolution.
41
How many types of cones are there?
Three (red, blue, green)
42
What is required for rods to function properly?
Adequate concentration of Retinol (active form of vitamin A) ## Footnote Otherwise you can develop night blindness
43
What chemical is formed in rod cells in the presence of dim light?
Rhodopsin
44
What is the function of the macula in the retina?
Detects images at the highest resolution
45
What is found at the center of the macula?
Fovea
46
What are the muscles on the inside of the eyeball called?
Intrinsic Eye Muscles
47
What is the function of the extrinsic eye muscles?
To turn and move the eyeball
48
True or False: We can only confidently tell the genotype from phenotype in the case of a Homozygous Recessive genotype.
True ## Footnote if an organism displays a recessive trait, we can confidently say it is homozygous recessive because the recessive allele is only expressed when both copies are present.
49
A female is heterozygous healthy for the hemophilia gene, what does it mean?
She has a genotype of XhXn
50
People who have protein A on the surface of RBCs have
blood type “A”
51
People who have protein B on the surface of RBCs have
blood type “B”
52
If both A and B alleles are inherited, both A and B proteins will show up on the surface of the RBC’s, and the result will be
blood type “AB”
53
Some people have neither A nor B (proteins); in this case, we say they have zero, or
blood type “O”
54
____ that detect light and excite the Optic nerve.
Photoreceptors

EMB (23 decks)

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