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FA2 Respiratory > Lecture 8 10/16/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 10/16/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are enzootic nasal tumors?

A

tumors in sheep that expand from the turbinates and occlude the nasal passages

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of enzootic nasal tumors?

A

-copious serosangeunous nasal discharge
-facial deformity
-stertor/abnormal breath sounds

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of enzootic nasal tumor transmission?

A

-associated with type D retroviruses
-retroviral genome inserts itself into host cell genome to alter the cell’s growth cycle

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4
Q

How are enzootic nasal tumors diagnosed?

A

-imaging
-biopsy

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5
Q

How are enzootic nasal tumors treated?

A

surgical debulking/resection

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6
Q

How does Oestrus ovis cause damage?

A

larvae migrate through nasal passages and sinuses, inducing inflammation (rhinitis/sinusitis)

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7
Q

How is Oestrus ovis diagnosed?

A

-sheep acting weird
-visualization of nasal bots

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of Oestrus ovis?

A

-mucopurulent nasal discharge
-abnormal breath sounds
-head shaking
-altered grazing behavior

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Oestrus ovis treatment?

A

-ivermectin twice a year
-treat once frost kills adults
-summer treatment prevents build up of excessive infestation
-treatment in winter prevents overwintering of larvae

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10
Q

What is the most common type of retropharyngeal abscess?

A

caseous lymphadenitis

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11
Q

Which bacteria causes caseous lymphadenitis?

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of caseous lymphadenitis?

A

-inspiratory dyspnea
-dysphagia
-coughing
-ptyalism

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13
Q

How is caseous lymphadenitis diagnosed?

A

-fine needle aspirate
-culture

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14
Q

Why is it important to NOT drain caseous lymphadenitis abscesses?

A

increases risk of new infections

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of caseous lymphadenitis treatment?

A

-no real treatment
-injection of formalin into abscess comes with a lifetime withdrawal
-euthanasia is common outcome

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16
Q

Which viruses are associated with bacterial pneumonia in small ruminants?

A

-caprine/ovine herpesvirus
-caprine/ovine respiratory syncytial virus
-para-influenza 3 virus
-adenovirus

17
Q

What are the upper respiratory signs caused by viruses in small ruminants?

A

-nasal discharge
-cough
-pyrexia
-inspiratory dyspnea

18
Q

What is important to note regarding the diagnosis of resp. viruses in small ruminants?

A

there are very few specific diagnostic tests

19
Q

Which bacteria species cause bacterial bronchopneumonia in small ruminants?

A

-M. haemolytica
-P. multocida
-Bibersteinia trehelosi
-Mycoplasma spp.

20
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with bacterial resp. infections in small ruminants?

A

-fever
-depression
-dyspnea
-inc. lung sounds
-failure to thrive (chronic)

21
Q

What are the characteristics of Bibersteinia trehelosi?

A

-severe morbidity and mortality in big horn sheep
-typical bronchopneumonia in domestic livestock
-devastating, population limiting disease
-introduced to wild pop. through contact with domestic sheep and goats
-possible viral pathogen involvement

22
Q

What are the characteristics of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae?

A

-only causes pneumonia, no systemic disease
-commensal organism of the nasal passages
-invasion of lower lungs causes consolidation and pinpoint abscesses
-high case attack rate, low case fatality rate

23
Q

What are the clinical signs of M. ovipneumoniae?

A

-mild disease
-mild chronic cough

24
Q

How is M. ovipneumoniae treated?

A

many of the antibiotics approved for M. bovis also work against M. ovipneumoniae

25
Q

Which Mycoplasma species are of importance in goats?

A

-M. mycoides ssp. mycoides
-M. capricolum ssp. capricolum

26
Q

What are the manifestations associated with Mycoplasma in goats?

A

-bronchopneumonia
-otitis media/interna
-septic arthritis
-mastitis
-septicemia
-pleuritis
-meningitis

27
Q

What are the characteristics of ovine progressive pneumonia and caprine arthritis encephalitis?

A

-retroviral, life long infections
-infect the macrophages/monocytes
-lentiviruses

28
Q

How are OPP and CAE transmitted?

A

-transfer of infected cells:
–colostrum/milk
–biting flies
–iatrogenic needles/shearing equipment
-respiratory secretions (OPP only)

29
Q

How do the clinical signs of OPP/CAE vary based on infected tissue?

A

lung: progressive loss of gas exchange
joints: synovial inflammation/loss of synovial fluid; arthritis
mammary gland: indurative mastitis
meninges: inflammation/damage to BBB leading to meningitis/encephalitis

30
Q

How does OPP manifest in adult sheep?

A

-2-5 years old
-chronic progressive weight loss
-interstitial pneumonia
-encephalitis
-mastitis
-arthritis

31
Q

How does CAE manifest in adult goats?

A

-2-5 years old
-progressive weight loss
-arthritis
-mastitis
-interstitial pneumonia

32
Q

How does CAE manifest in young goats?

A

-2-6 months old
-encephalitis

33
Q

How do the lungs appear on necropsy in OPP/CAE cases?

A

firm and unable to collapse

34
Q

What is important to note regarding OPP/CAE serology?

A

constantly changing virus induces a constant antibody response; infected animals are always positive on serology

35
Q

How often should antibody titers be tested for OPP/CAE?

A

twice a year

36
Q

What are the characteristics of test and cull for OPP/CAE?

A

-any positive animal is culled to prevent further transmission
-can be a large financial loss in herds with high prevalence

37
Q

What are the characteristics of test and segregate for OPP/CAE?

A

-positive animals are moved into a “dirty” herd
-infected and non-infected herds are maintained
-method breaks down easily due to difficulties in keeping herds separate

38
Q

What is the pathophysiology of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?

A

infected cells have altered growth cycles due to retrovirus infection, resulting in transformation into neoplastic cells

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma in adult sheep?

A

-weight loss
-dyspnea
-cough
-copious nasal discharge when elevated by back feet

FA2 Respiratory (24 decks)

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