Lecture 34 11/26/24

Question 1

What are the characteristics of acute resp. distress syndrome/ARDS?

Answer 1

-secondary lesion due to over-activation of inflammatory cells
-can occur due to distant organ lesion, systemic disease, or direct lung injury

Question 2

What is the pathogenesis of ARDS?

Answer 2

-hyper-reactive macrophages leads to cytokine release
-neutrophils pool in the lung
-enzymes and free radicals are released from neutrophils
-alveolar endothelial and epithelial damage occurs
-hyaline membranes form

Question 3

What are the characteristics of embolic pneumonia?

Answer 3

-white to red firm nodules, often subpleural
-caused by bacteria that cause sepsis
-caused by Histophilus somni in cattle
-caused by Actinobacillus equuli in foals
-secondary to right-sided vegetative endocarditis
-suppurative inflammation +/- hemorrhage

Question 4

What are the characteristics of granulomatous pneumonias?

Answer 4

–caused by fungi, certain bacteria, or foreign material
-can be multifocal or widespread
-macrophages are primary inflammatory cell

Question 5

What are the characteristics of Blastomyces dermatitidis?

Answer 5

-multifocal, random raised white to tan nodules
-big, blue, broad-based budding yeasts
-radiographs have snowstorm sign
-may see lesions in eyes, skin, bones, and lymph nodes

Question 6

What are the characteristics of Histoplasma capsulatum?

Answer 6

-seen in cats
-small fungal yeasts inside macrophages
-diffuse granulomatous pneumonia

Question 7

How are Cryptococcus neoformans and Coccidioides immitis distinguished?

Answer 7

-both outside of macrophages
-Cryptococcus does not cause much inflammation
-Cryptococcus looks like soap bubbles with narrow budding

Question 8

What are the characteristics of Aspergillus fumigatus?

Answer 8

-occasionally causes pneumonia in dogs with disseminated disease or horses
-common cause of granulomatous pneumonia and air sacculitis in birds
-histo. is granulomatous with fungal hyphae

Question 9

What are the characteristics of Mycoplasma bovis causing bovine tuberculosis?

Answer 9

-reportable
-causes granulomatous nodules
-bacteria resist killing
-lymph nodes commonly affected too
-white to yellow caseous nodules

Question 10

What are the characteristics of Rhodococcus equi?

Answer 10

-multifocal to coalescing random lesions
-pyogranulomatous pneumonia and abscesses
-cotton ball or easter basket appearance on rads
-bacteria survive and thrive in macrophages; can disseminate

Question 11

What are the characteristics of Dictyocaulus viviparus?

Answer 11

-in cattle
-worms in large airways
-adults live in bronchi
-reinfection syndrome resembles atypical interstitial pneumonia

Question 12

What are the characteristics of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?

Answer 12

-seen in horses housed with donkeys
-worms in large airways
-present with coughing

Question 13

Which parasites can cause pneumonia in sheep and goats?

Answer 13

-Muellerius capillaris
-Dictyocaulus filaria
-Protostrongylus

Question 14

Which parasites can cause pneumonia in pigs?

Answer 14

-Metastrongylus apri
-Ascaris suum

Question 15

What are the characteristics of Ascaris suum?

Answer 15

-larvae migrate through lungs
-more diffuse pneumonia pattern
-similar to Parascaris equorum in horses

Question 16

Which parasites can cause pneumonia in just dogs?

Answer 16

-heartworms; aberrant migration
-Oslerus osleri

Question 17

Which parasites can cause pneumonia in both cats and dogs?

Answer 17

-Paragonimus kellicotti
-lung flukes

Question 18

Which parasite causes pneumonia in just cats?

Answer 18

Aelurostrongylus abstrussus

Question 19

What are the characteristics of pulmonary neoplasia?

Answer 19

-most likely metastatic
-primary neoplasms are often pulmonary carcinomas and can arise from any part of epithelium
-start as single nodule and quickly spreads
-can metastasize outside of chest, goes to cat toes

Question 20

What are the characteristics of Jaagsiekte in sheep?

Answer 20

-ovine progressive pulmonary adenomatosis
-multifocal pulmonary adenocarcinoma
-infectious

Question 21

Which neoplasms commonly metastasize to the lungs?

Answer 21

-carcinomas
-hemangiosarcomas
-melanomas
-osteosarcomas

Question 22

What are the characteristics of thoracic cavity neoplasia?

Answer 22

-can arise from thoracic cavity lining
-mesothelioma

Question 23

What are the possible effusions in the chest?

Answer 23

-transudates
-modified transudates
-exudates

Question 24

What is common with all effusions?

Answer 24

atelectasis

Question 25

What are the characteristics of hydrothorax?

Answer 25

-translucent, watery fluid
-low protein
-often secondary to heart failure

Question 26

What are the characteristics of pyothorax?

Answer 26

-cloudy, tan to yellow-tinged
-can include fibrin
-contains neutrophils
-caused by bacteria, penetrating wounds, migrating grass awns, and ruptured abscesses
-common in cats with bite wounds

Question 27

What are the characteristics of hemothorax?

Answer 27

-frank blood in the chest
-secondary to trauma, rupture, or clotting abnormalities

Question 28

What are the characteristics of chylothorax?

Answer 28

-most common in cats
-white to pink grossly
-lymphocytes seen on cytology
-secondary to obstruction or rupture of thoracic duct
-pulmonary atelectasis

Question 29

What are the characteristics of feline infectious peritonitis?

Answer 29

-caused by mutated feline enteric coronavirus
-pyogranulomatous inflammation and vasculitis in many organs
-pleural cavity most commonly affected
-viscous, high protein yellow fluid with frequent fibrin

Question 30

What are the fibrinous manifestations of polyserositis?

Answer 30

-pleuritis
-epicarditis/pericarditis
-peritonitis
-arthritis
-meningitis

Question 31

What are the differentials for polyserositis in pigs?

Answer 31

-Strep. suis
-Haemophilus parasuis
-Mycoplasma hyorhinis
-Actinobacillus suis

Question 32

What is the pathogenesis of bovine hardware disease?

Answer 32

-cow eats nail
-nail lodges in reticulum, punctures diaphragm, and penetrates pleural cavity and/or pericardium
-nail takes bacteria along and seeds thoracic cavity with bacteria
-severe fibrinosuppurative pleuritis and pericarditis