Lecture 34 11/26/24 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of acute resp. distress syndrome/ARDS?
-secondary lesion due to over-activation of inflammatory cells
-can occur due to distant organ lesion, systemic disease, or direct lung injury
What is the pathogenesis of ARDS?
-hyper-reactive macrophages leads to cytokine release
-neutrophils pool in the lung
-enzymes and free radicals are released from neutrophils
-alveolar endothelial and epithelial damage occurs
-hyaline membranes form
What are the characteristics of embolic pneumonia?
-white to red firm nodules, often subpleural
-caused by bacteria that cause sepsis
-caused by Histophilus somni in cattle
-caused by Actinobacillus equuli in foals
-secondary to right-sided vegetative endocarditis
-suppurative inflammation +/- hemorrhage
What are the characteristics of granulomatous pneumonias?
–caused by fungi, certain bacteria, or foreign material
-can be multifocal or widespread
-macrophages are primary inflammatory cell
What are the characteristics of Blastomyces dermatitidis?
-multifocal, random raised white to tan nodules
-big, blue, broad-based budding yeasts
-radiographs have snowstorm sign
-may see lesions in eyes, skin, bones, and lymph nodes
What are the characteristics of Histoplasma capsulatum?
-seen in cats
-small fungal yeasts inside macrophages
-diffuse granulomatous pneumonia
How are Cryptococcus neoformans and Coccidioides immitis distinguished?
-both outside of macrophages
-Cryptococcus does not cause much inflammation
-Cryptococcus looks like soap bubbles with narrow budding
What are the characteristics of Aspergillus fumigatus?
-occasionally causes pneumonia in dogs with disseminated disease or horses
-common cause of granulomatous pneumonia and air sacculitis in birds
-histo. is granulomatous with fungal hyphae
What are the characteristics of Mycoplasma bovis causing bovine tuberculosis?
-reportable
-causes granulomatous nodules
-bacteria resist killing
-lymph nodes commonly affected too
-white to yellow caseous nodules
What are the characteristics of Rhodococcus equi?
-multifocal to coalescing random lesions
-pyogranulomatous pneumonia and abscesses
-cotton ball or easter basket appearance on rads
-bacteria survive and thrive in macrophages; can disseminate
What are the characteristics of Dictyocaulus viviparus?
-in cattle
-worms in large airways
-adults live in bronchi
-reinfection syndrome resembles atypical interstitial pneumonia
What are the characteristics of Dictyocaulus arnfieldi?
-seen in horses housed with donkeys
-worms in large airways
-present with coughing
Which parasites can cause pneumonia in sheep and goats?
-Muellerius capillaris
-Dictyocaulus filaria
-Protostrongylus
Which parasites can cause pneumonia in pigs?
-Metastrongylus apri
-Ascaris suum
What are the characteristics of Ascaris suum?
-larvae migrate through lungs
-more diffuse pneumonia pattern
-similar to Parascaris equorum in horses
Which parasites can cause pneumonia in just dogs?
-heartworms; aberrant migration
-Oslerus osleri
Which parasites can cause pneumonia in both cats and dogs?
-Paragonimus kellicotti
-lung flukes
Which parasite causes pneumonia in just cats?
Aelurostrongylus abstrussus
What are the characteristics of pulmonary neoplasia?
-most likely metastatic
-primary neoplasms are often pulmonary carcinomas and can arise from any part of epithelium
-start as single nodule and quickly spreads
-can metastasize outside of chest, goes to cat toes
What are the characteristics of Jaagsiekte in sheep?
-ovine progressive pulmonary adenomatosis
-multifocal pulmonary adenocarcinoma
-infectious
Which neoplasms commonly metastasize to the lungs?
-carcinomas
-hemangiosarcomas
-melanomas
-osteosarcomas
What are the characteristics of thoracic cavity neoplasia?
-can arise from thoracic cavity lining
-mesothelioma
What are the possible effusions in the chest?
-transudates
-modified transudates
-exudates
What is common with all effusions?
atelectasis
What are the characteristics of hydrothorax?
-translucent, watery fluid
-low protein
-often secondary to heart failure
What are the characteristics of pyothorax?
-cloudy, tan to yellow-tinged
-can include fibrin
-contains neutrophils
-caused by bacteria, penetrating wounds, migrating grass awns, and ruptured abscesses
-common in cats with bite wounds
What are the characteristics of hemothorax?
-frank blood in the chest
-secondary to trauma, rupture, or clotting abnormalities
What are the characteristics of chylothorax?
-most common in cats
-white to pink grossly
-lymphocytes seen on cytology
-secondary to obstruction or rupture of thoracic duct
-pulmonary atelectasis
What are the characteristics of feline infectious peritonitis?
-caused by mutated feline enteric coronavirus
-pyogranulomatous inflammation and vasculitis in many organs
-pleural cavity most commonly affected
-viscous, high protein yellow fluid with frequent fibrin
What are the fibrinous manifestations of polyserositis?
-pleuritis
-epicarditis/pericarditis
-peritonitis
-arthritis
-meningitis
What are the differentials for polyserositis in pigs?
-Strep. suis
-Haemophilus parasuis
-Mycoplasma hyorhinis
-Actinobacillus suis
What is the pathogenesis of bovine hardware disease?
-cow eats nail
-nail lodges in reticulum, punctures diaphragm, and penetrates pleural cavity and/or pericardium
-nail takes bacteria along and seeds thoracic cavity with bacteria
-severe fibrinosuppurative pleuritis and pericarditis
