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FA2 Respiratory > Lecture 33 11/26/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 33 11/26/24 Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the lungs is infected in pneumonia?

A

alveoli

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of bronchopneumonia?

A

-tends to be cranioventral
-aerogenous spread
-firm, consolidated lungs
-caused by bacteria and mycoplasmas
-can occur with aspiration pneumonia
-inflammation in conducting airways

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of interstitial pneumonia?

A

-tends to be more diffuse
-aerogenous or hematogenous spread

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4
Q

What is the main characteristic of embolic/hematogenous pneumonia?

A

has a multifocal, random spread

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Mannheimia haemolytica?

A

-most important cause of bacterial pneumonia in cattle
-sheep and goats similarly affected
-causes severe necrosis, tons of fibrin, and neutrophilic inflammation
-causes geographic areas of necrosis
-big part of shipping fever/BRDC

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6
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind M. haemolytica being so bad?

A

-produces a leukotoxin that kills neutrophils
-releases more damaging substances from dead neutrophils
-bystander tissue destruction
-more neutrophils die
-cycle continues

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7
Q

What is the classic histologic feature of M. haemolytica?

A

oat cells

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Histophilus somni?

A

-causes a fibrinosuppurative bronchopneumonia
-may cause septicemia

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of bronchopneumonia caused by Mycoplasma bovis in cattle?

A

-cranioventral consolidation
-suppurative bronchopneumonia +/- bronchiectasis
-can be caseous with necrosis and inflammation

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of pneumonic pasteurellosis?

A

-affects cattle, pigs, and rabbits
-part of enzootic pneumonia in calves
-causes snuffles in rabbits
-causes bronchopneumonia +/- abscession +/- pleuritis
-often follows viral infection in pigs and cattle
-caused by P. multocida

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of porcine pleuropneumonia?

A

-causes fibrin, necrosis, and hemorrhage
-starts off caudodorsal
-often spreads diffusely

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12
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae?

A

-bacterial leukotoxin causes extensive neutrophil death
-neutrophil death leads to secondary damage and necrosis
-lungs become firm, red, and coated with fibrin

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs?

A

-causes enzootic pneumonia
-causes “fish flesh” lungs
-often complicated by secondary bacterial pathogens

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14
Q

What causes enzootic pneumonia in sheep?

A

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae

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15
Q

What causes bronchopneumonia in dogs?

A

-B. bronchiseptica
-Strep. spp.

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16
Q

What causes bronchopneumonia in cats?

A

-P. multocida
-Strep. spp.
-B. bronchiseptica

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17
Q

What causes bronchopneumonia in horses?

A

Strep. equi equi

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of aspiration pneumonia?

A

-secondary to inhaled foreign material
-typically cranioventral
-often necrotizing

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19
Q

What are the risk factors for aspiration pneumonia?

A

-anesthesia
-balling gun/tube feeding
-megaesophagus
-cleft palate
-dysphagia/nerve damage

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20
Q

What are the sequela of purulent bronchopneumonia?

A

-bronchiectasis
-pulmonary abscesses
-pleural adhesions
-atelectasis
-emphysema

21
Q

What happens to the lungs during interstitial pneumonia?

A

-lungs become thick and “meaty”
-fail to collapse
-may see rib impressions
-often feel rubbery
-sections still usually float

22
Q

What are the potential causes of interstitial pneumonia?

A

-viral**
-allergic
-toxic
-parasitic

23
Q

What are the histology changes associated with interstitial pneumonia?

A

-type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
-hyaline membranes
-lymphocytes and plasma cells in septa

24
Q

What are the characteristics of bronchointerstitial pneumonia?

A

-combo of interstitial and bronchial inflammation
-seen with primary viral infections followed by secondary bacterial infections

25
Q

What are the characteristics of shipping fever?

A

-usually multifactorial
-both interstitial pneumonia and bronchopneumonia
-interstitial pneumonia occurs due to bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine parainfluenza virus-3, or BRSV

26
Q

What are the characteristics of bovine respiratory syncytial virus/BRSV?

A

-important in young calves and feedlot cattle
-predisposed by crowding, stress, transportation, and poor air quality
-begins cranioventral
-bronchointerstitial to interstitial pneumonia on histo.

27
Q

Which bacterial infections can complicate BRSV?

A

-M. haemolytica
-P. multocida
-Trueperella pyogenes

28
Q

What is a potential sequela of BRSV?

A

hypersensitivity reaction if reinfected

29
Q

What are the characteristics of parainfluenza virus-3?

A

-lots of overlap with BRSV
-same risk factors and susceptibility to bact. infections
-less severe

30
Q

What are the characteristics of bovine pulmonary edema and emphysema?

A

-atypical interstitial pneumonia/fog fever
-damage to type I pneumocytes and bronchial epithelium causes edema and emphysema

31
Q

Which toxins cause fog fever?

A

-lush sweet clover
-moldy sweet potatoes
-perilla mint

32
Q

What are hyaline membranes?

A

hallmark feature of fog fever that results from severe damage to the interstitium

33
Q

What are the non-toxic causes of hyaline membranes?

A

-BRSV
-Dictyocaulus viviparus
-type III hypersensitivity

34
Q

What are the characteristics of equine viral rhinopneumonitis?

A

-caused by equine herpesvirus 1 and 4
-young horses most affected
-causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia

35
Q

What are the characteristics of equine influenza?

A

-H3N8
-very contagious
-causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia
-reportable in some states

36
Q

How do herpesvirus and influenza affect the lungs?

A

-self-limiting on their own
-predispose to secondary bacteria infections
-predispose to ARDS

37
Q

What are the characteristics of maedi visna?

A

-aka ovine progressive pneumonia
-caused by small ruminant lentivirus; type of retrovirus
-causes interstitial pneumonia with lymphocytes and plasma cells

38
Q

What are the characteristics of caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus?

A

-caused by small ruminant lentivirus; retrovirus
-transmitted in milk
-lungs fail to collapse; rib impressions common
-alveoli fill up with surfactant

39
Q

What are the characteristics of pestis de petits ruminants?

A

-morbillivirus
-lesions similar to distemper
-causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia
-foreign animal disease

40
Q

What are the characteristics of canine distemper virus?

A

-causes bronchointerstitial pneumonia
-predisposes to secondary infections
-often causes mucopurulent conjunctivitis and rhinitis
-attacks the epithelium

41
Q

What are the characteristics of canine influenza?

A

-typically mildly disease in the lungs
-can cause necrosis of bronchioles and pleural and subpleural hemorrhages

42
Q

What are the characteristics of canine adenovirus-2?

A

-usually subclinical
-can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals
-necrotizing bronchiolitis
-large magenta intranuclear inclusion bodies

43
Q

What are the characteristics of feline herpesvirus-1?

A

-causes URT disease
-potential for lymphoplasmacytic to fibrinonecrotic interstitial pneumonia
-not usually fatal on its own

44
Q

What are the characteristics of feline calicivirus?

A

-type II pneumocyte hyperplasia
-type I pneumocyte necrosis
-lymphoplasmacytic to necrotizing inflammation
-virulent strains cause systemic disease

45
Q

What are the characteristics of PRRS?

A

-range of disease and virulence
-can cause interstitial pneumonia and hypoxia
-infects macrophages and spares conducting cells
-can cause secondary bacterial infections and septicemia

46
Q

What are the characteristics of porcine circovirus-2?

A

-interstitial pneumonia
-macrophages play bigger role

47
Q

What are the characteristics of pseudorabies?

A

-starts as a rhinitis that progresses to pneumonia
-eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies on histo
-inhibits alveolar macrophages and leads to secondary bact. infections

48
Q

What are the characteristics of swine influenza?

A

-more necrosis than PRRS or PCV-2
-more commonly a bronchointerstitial pneumonia
-checkerboard pattern on the lungs
-predisposes to secondary bact. infections

FA2 Respiratory (32 decks)

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