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FA2 Respiratory > Lecture 32 11/25/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 32 11/25/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of laryngeal hemiplegia/paralysis?

A

-damage to left laryngeal nerve
-atrophy and fibrosis of left dorsal and lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
-occurs in large breed dogs, horses, and tigers
-can occur secondary to guttural pouch infections/lymph nodes and trauma

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2
Q

What can cause laryngeal edema?

A

-anaphylactic shock
-inflammation
-trauma from intubation

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of laryngeal and tracheal hemorrhage?

A

-can be agonal or iatrogenic
-can be very bad in african swine fever, hog cholera, or equine infectious anemia

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of follicular lymphoid hyperplasia?

A

-laryngeal/pharyngeal
-often incidental and nonspecific
-can cause partial obstruction if severe
-can be seen during intubation or endoscopy

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of epiglottic entrapment in horses?

A

-sometimes coupled with hypoplastic epiglottis
-epiglottis becomes entrapped in arytenoepiglottic fold

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses?

A

-increases resistance and turbulence
-often dynamic
-leads to decreased performance and exercise intolerance

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7
Q

Which issues commonly occur in the guttural pouch?

A

-strangles/Strep. equi equi
-guttural pouch mycosis; fungus grows around internal carotid artery
-guttural pouch tympany

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8
Q

What are the sequela of guttural pouch issues?

A

-hemorrhage
-nerve damage resulting in dysphagia and Horner’s syndrome

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of guttural pouch tympany?

A

-air entrapped within guttural pouch
-no real changes at necropsy other than dilation

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of necrotic laryngitis in cattle?

A

-caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum
-necropsy findings include fibrin, necrosis, and ulceration
-viruses and trauma can predispose

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of contact ulcers?

A

-occur in feedlot cattle
-predispose animals to necrotic laryngitis

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12
Q

What are the four components of brachycephalic airway syndrome?

A

-stenotic nares
-elongated soft palate
-everted laryngeal saccules
-tracheal hypoplasia

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of Oslerus osleri?

A

-parasite that infects upper airway in canines
-found in submucosal nodules in caudal trachea and mainstem bronchi
-minimal inflammation
-worldwide distribution

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14
Q

What happens when the bronchioles are damaged long term?

A

they get bigger, which can lead to impaired mucociliary function

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of bronchiectasis?

A

-dilation and filling of bronchioles by inflammatory exudate
-occurs secondary to chronic obstruction and inflammation
-common in cattle and rats with Mycoplasma infections
-leads to permanent dilation of bronchi

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of bronchiolitis obliterans?

A

-polypoid remodeling by fibrosis
-occurs secondary to chronic damage and necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium
-permanent

17
Q

What are the characteristics of feline asthma?

A

-chronic hypersensitivity
-hypertrophy of the bronchial wall
-characteristic “donut” lesions on radiographs
-causes bronchoconstriction
-glandular hypertrophy contributes to excessive mucus
-predisposes to secondary infections

18
Q

What are the characteristics of canine infectious resp. disease complex/CIRDC?

A

-dogs in kennels, shelters, and vet clinics at increased risk
-causes lots of coughing

19
Q

What are the causes of CIRDC?

A

-B. bronchiseptica
-Strep. zooepidemicus
-Mycoplasma cynos
-canine parainfluenza-2
-canine coronavirus
-canine influenza

20
Q

What are the necropsy findings with CIRDC?

A

-catarrhal to mucopurulent tracheobronchitis
-suppurative with Bordetella infection

21
Q

What are the characteristics of canine chronic bronchitis?

A

-may follow kennel cough
-chronic coughing
-goblet cell and epithelial hyperplasia
-increased smooth muscle in arteries
-vascular changes can cause pulmonary hypertension and eventually heart failure

22
Q

What is the necropsy finding with bovine mycoplasma pneumonia?

A

severe chronic regionally extensive suppurative bronchiopneumonia

23
Q

When is pulmonary hypoplasia seen?

A

with congenital anasarca or congenital diaphragmatic hernia

24
Q

What are the characteristics of lung lobe torsion?

A

-rare
-may lead to infarction

25
Q

What can lead to hemosiderin in the lungs?

A

-heartworm disease
-heart failure

26
Q

How does melanosis differ from melanoma?

A

melanosis:
-big, flat patches
melanoma:
-raised lesions

27
Q

What can cause a red/purple discoloration of the lungs?

A

-congestion
-inflammation
-hemorrhage

28
Q

What can lead to atelectasis/lung collapse?

A

-fetus (normal)
-anesthesia
-secondary to effusions/air

29
Q

What is emphysema?

A

pockets of air trapped in the lungs

30
Q

When can emphysema occur?

A

-associated with forceful breathing
-secondary to chronic inflammation
-secondary to trauma

31
Q

What is a pulmonary bulla?

A

one large bubble within the lungs

32
Q

What are the sequela of pulmonary bullae?

A

-rupture
-hemorrhage

33
Q

What can lead to increased vascular leakage?

A

-inflammation
-decreased oncotic pressure
-increased hydrostatic pressure

34
Q

What are the necropsy findings in pulmonary edema?

A

-wet and heavy lungs
-tracheal foam
-fluid pooling

35
Q

What are the mechanisms of pulmonary edema?

A

-increased hydrostatic pressure
-damage to endothelial cells
-damage to alveolar cells
-neurogenic edema
-acute pancreatitis

36
Q

What are the characteristics of african horse sickness?

A

-caused by an orbivirus
-reportable
-causes fatal pulmonary edema and extensive vasculitis

37
Q

Which other viruses can present with prominent edema?

A

-bluetongue (sheep)
-epizootic hemorrhagic disease (deer)
-equine arteritis virus

38
Q

What can cause pulmonary hemorrhage?

A

-rodenticide toxicity
-teflon toxicity in birds
-exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
-Strep. zooepidemicus
-trauma
-coagulopathies

FA2 Respiratory (32 decks)

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