Lecture 32 11/25/24

Question 1

What are the characteristics of laryngeal hemiplegia/paralysis?

Answer 1

-damage to left laryngeal nerve
-atrophy and fibrosis of left dorsal and lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
-occurs in large breed dogs, horses, and tigers
-can occur secondary to guttural pouch infections/lymph nodes and trauma

Question 2

What can cause laryngeal edema?

Answer 2

-anaphylactic shock
-inflammation
-trauma from intubation

Question 3

What are the characteristics of laryngeal and tracheal hemorrhage?

Answer 3

-can be agonal or iatrogenic
-can be very bad in african swine fever, hog cholera, or equine infectious anemia

Question 4

What are the characteristics of follicular lymphoid hyperplasia?

Answer 4

-laryngeal/pharyngeal
-often incidental and nonspecific
-can cause partial obstruction if severe
-can be seen during intubation or endoscopy

Question 5

What are the characteristics of epiglottic entrapment in horses?

Answer 5

-sometimes coupled with hypoplastic epiglottis
-epiglottis becomes entrapped in arytenoepiglottic fold

Question 6

What are the characteristics of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses?

Answer 6

-increases resistance and turbulence
-often dynamic
-leads to decreased performance and exercise intolerance

Question 7

Which issues commonly occur in the guttural pouch?

Answer 7

-strangles/Strep. equi equi
-guttural pouch mycosis; fungus grows around internal carotid artery
-guttural pouch tympany

Question 8

What are the sequela of guttural pouch issues?

Answer 8

-hemorrhage
-nerve damage resulting in dysphagia and Horner’s syndrome

Question 9

What are the characteristics of guttural pouch tympany?

Answer 9

-air entrapped within guttural pouch
-no real changes at necropsy other than dilation

Question 10

What are the characteristics of necrotic laryngitis in cattle?

Answer 10

-caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum
-necropsy findings include fibrin, necrosis, and ulceration
-viruses and trauma can predispose

Question 11

What are the characteristics of contact ulcers?

Answer 11

-occur in feedlot cattle
-predispose animals to necrotic laryngitis

Question 12

What are the four components of brachycephalic airway syndrome?

Answer 12

-stenotic nares
-elongated soft palate
-everted laryngeal saccules
-tracheal hypoplasia

Question 13

What are the characteristics of Oslerus osleri?

Answer 13

-parasite that infects upper airway in canines
-found in submucosal nodules in caudal trachea and mainstem bronchi
-minimal inflammation
-worldwide distribution

Question 14

What happens when the bronchioles are damaged long term?

Answer 14

they get bigger, which can lead to impaired mucociliary function

Question 15

What are the characteristics of bronchiectasis?

Answer 15

-dilation and filling of bronchioles by inflammatory exudate
-occurs secondary to chronic obstruction and inflammation
-common in cattle and rats with Mycoplasma infections
-leads to permanent dilation of bronchi

Question 16

What are the characteristics of bronchiolitis obliterans?

Answer 16

-polypoid remodeling by fibrosis
-occurs secondary to chronic damage and necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium
-permanent

Question 17

What are the characteristics of feline asthma?

Answer 17

-chronic hypersensitivity
-hypertrophy of the bronchial wall
-characteristic “donut” lesions on radiographs
-causes bronchoconstriction
-glandular hypertrophy contributes to excessive mucus
-predisposes to secondary infections

Question 18

What are the characteristics of canine infectious resp. disease complex/CIRDC?

Answer 18

-dogs in kennels, shelters, and vet clinics at increased risk
-causes lots of coughing

Question 19

What are the causes of CIRDC?

Answer 19

-B. bronchiseptica
-Strep. zooepidemicus
-Mycoplasma cynos
-canine parainfluenza-2
-canine coronavirus
-canine influenza

Question 20

What are the necropsy findings with CIRDC?

Answer 20

-catarrhal to mucopurulent tracheobronchitis
-suppurative with Bordetella infection

Question 21

What are the characteristics of canine chronic bronchitis?

Answer 21

-may follow kennel cough
-chronic coughing
-goblet cell and epithelial hyperplasia
-increased smooth muscle in arteries
-vascular changes can cause pulmonary hypertension and eventually heart failure

Question 22

What is the necropsy finding with bovine mycoplasma pneumonia?

Answer 22

severe chronic regionally extensive suppurative bronchiopneumonia

Question 23

When is pulmonary hypoplasia seen?

Answer 23

with congenital anasarca or congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Question 24

What are the characteristics of lung lobe torsion?

Answer 24

-rare
-may lead to infarction

Question 25

What can lead to hemosiderin in the lungs?

Answer 25

-heartworm disease -heart failure

Question 26

How does melanosis differ from melanoma?

Answer 26

melanosis: -big, flat patches melanoma: -raised lesions

Question 27

What can cause a red/purple discoloration of the lungs?

Answer 27

-congestion -inflammation -hemorrhage

Question 28

What can lead to atelectasis/lung collapse?

Answer 28

-fetus (normal) -anesthesia -secondary to effusions/air

Question 29

What is emphysema?

Answer 29

pockets of air trapped in the lungs

Question 30

When can emphysema occur?

Answer 30

-associated with forceful breathing -secondary to chronic inflammation -secondary to trauma

Question 31

What is a pulmonary bulla?

Answer 31

one large bubble within the lungs

Question 32

What are the sequela of pulmonary bullae?

Answer 32

-rupture -hemorrhage

Question 33

What can lead to increased vascular leakage?

Answer 33

-inflammation -decreased oncotic pressure -increased hydrostatic pressure

Question 34

What are the necropsy findings in pulmonary edema?

Answer 34

-wet and heavy lungs -tracheal foam -fluid pooling

Question 35

What are the mechanisms of pulmonary edema?

Answer 35

-increased hydrostatic pressure -damage to endothelial cells -damage to alveolar cells -neurogenic edema -acute pancreatitis

Question 36

What are the characteristics of african horse sickness?

Answer 36

-caused by an orbivirus -reportable -causes fatal pulmonary edema and extensive vasculitis

Question 37

Which other viruses can present with prominent edema?

Answer 37

-bluetongue (sheep) -epizootic hemorrhagic disease (deer) -equine arteritis virus

Question 38

What can cause pulmonary hemorrhage?

Answer 38

-rodenticide toxicity -teflon toxicity in birds -exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage -Strep. zooepidemicus -trauma -coagulopathies