Lecture 32 11/25/24 Flashcards
What are the characteristics of laryngeal hemiplegia/paralysis?
-damage to left laryngeal nerve
-atrophy and fibrosis of left dorsal and lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
-occurs in large breed dogs, horses, and tigers
-can occur secondary to guttural pouch infections/lymph nodes and trauma
What can cause laryngeal edema?
-anaphylactic shock
-inflammation
-trauma from intubation
What are the characteristics of laryngeal and tracheal hemorrhage?
-can be agonal or iatrogenic
-can be very bad in african swine fever, hog cholera, or equine infectious anemia
What are the characteristics of follicular lymphoid hyperplasia?
-laryngeal/pharyngeal
-often incidental and nonspecific
-can cause partial obstruction if severe
-can be seen during intubation or endoscopy
What are the characteristics of epiglottic entrapment in horses?
-sometimes coupled with hypoplastic epiglottis
-epiglottis becomes entrapped in arytenoepiglottic fold
What are the characteristics of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses?
-increases resistance and turbulence
-often dynamic
-leads to decreased performance and exercise intolerance
Which issues commonly occur in the guttural pouch?
-strangles/Strep. equi equi
-guttural pouch mycosis; fungus grows around internal carotid artery
-guttural pouch tympany
What are the sequela of guttural pouch issues?
-hemorrhage
-nerve damage resulting in dysphagia and Horner’s syndrome
What are the characteristics of guttural pouch tympany?
-air entrapped within guttural pouch
-no real changes at necropsy other than dilation
What are the characteristics of necrotic laryngitis in cattle?
-caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum
-necropsy findings include fibrin, necrosis, and ulceration
-viruses and trauma can predispose
What are the characteristics of contact ulcers?
-occur in feedlot cattle
-predispose animals to necrotic laryngitis
What are the four components of brachycephalic airway syndrome?
-stenotic nares
-elongated soft palate
-everted laryngeal saccules
-tracheal hypoplasia
What are the characteristics of Oslerus osleri?
-parasite that infects upper airway in canines
-found in submucosal nodules in caudal trachea and mainstem bronchi
-minimal inflammation
-worldwide distribution
What happens when the bronchioles are damaged long term?
they get bigger, which can lead to impaired mucociliary function
What are the characteristics of bronchiectasis?
-dilation and filling of bronchioles by inflammatory exudate
-occurs secondary to chronic obstruction and inflammation
-common in cattle and rats with Mycoplasma infections
-leads to permanent dilation of bronchi
What are the characteristics of bronchiolitis obliterans?
-polypoid remodeling by fibrosis
-occurs secondary to chronic damage and necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium
-permanent
What are the characteristics of feline asthma?
-chronic hypersensitivity
-hypertrophy of the bronchial wall
-characteristic “donut” lesions on radiographs
-causes bronchoconstriction
-glandular hypertrophy contributes to excessive mucus
-predisposes to secondary infections
What are the characteristics of canine infectious resp. disease complex/CIRDC?
-dogs in kennels, shelters, and vet clinics at increased risk
-causes lots of coughing
What are the causes of CIRDC?
-B. bronchiseptica
-Strep. zooepidemicus
-Mycoplasma cynos
-canine parainfluenza-2
-canine coronavirus
-canine influenza
What are the necropsy findings with CIRDC?
-catarrhal to mucopurulent tracheobronchitis
-suppurative with Bordetella infection
What are the characteristics of canine chronic bronchitis?
-may follow kennel cough
-chronic coughing
-goblet cell and epithelial hyperplasia
-increased smooth muscle in arteries
-vascular changes can cause pulmonary hypertension and eventually heart failure
What is the necropsy finding with bovine mycoplasma pneumonia?
severe chronic regionally extensive suppurative bronchiopneumonia
When is pulmonary hypoplasia seen?
with congenital anasarca or congenital diaphragmatic hernia
What are the characteristics of lung lobe torsion?
-rare
-may lead to infarction
What can lead to hemosiderin in the lungs?
-heartworm disease
-heart failure
How does melanosis differ from melanoma?
melanosis:
-big, flat patches
melanoma:
-raised lesions
What can cause a red/purple discoloration of the lungs?
-congestion
-inflammation
-hemorrhage
What can lead to atelectasis/lung collapse?
-fetus (normal)
-anesthesia
-secondary to effusions/air
What is emphysema?
pockets of air trapped in the lungs
When can emphysema occur?
-associated with forceful breathing
-secondary to chronic inflammation
-secondary to trauma
What is a pulmonary bulla?
one large bubble within the lungs
What are the sequela of pulmonary bullae?
-rupture
-hemorrhage
What can lead to increased vascular leakage?
-inflammation
-decreased oncotic pressure
-increased hydrostatic pressure
What are the necropsy findings in pulmonary edema?
-wet and heavy lungs
-tracheal foam
-fluid pooling
What are the mechanisms of pulmonary edema?
-increased hydrostatic pressure
-damage to endothelial cells
-damage to alveolar cells
-neurogenic edema
-acute pancreatitis
What are the characteristics of african horse sickness?
-caused by an orbivirus
-reportable
-causes fatal pulmonary edema and extensive vasculitis
Which other viruses can present with prominent edema?
-bluetongue (sheep)
-epizootic hemorrhagic disease (deer)
-equine arteritis virus
What can cause pulmonary hemorrhage?
-rodenticide toxicity
-teflon toxicity in birds
-exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage
-Strep. zooepidemicus
-trauma
-coagulopathies
