Lecture 3 10/14/24 Flashcards
What are fungal nasal granulomas?
uncommon localized infection of the nasal mucosa resulting in granulomatous inflammation
What causes fungal nasal granuloma?
various mycotic and bacterial pathogens
What is the pathophysiology of fungal nasal granuloma?
-causative agent attracts macrophages to site
-macrophages induce tissue damage and granulomatous inflammation
-granuloma disrupts normal airflow
What are the clinical signs of fungal nasal granuloma?
-upper resp. noise/stertor
-dyspnea
-unilateral bloody or mucopurulent nasal discharge**
-disrupted nasal airflow**
How are fungal nasal granulomas diagnosed?
biopsy and culture/histopathology to identify hyphae/sporidium
What are the characteristics of sodium iodide treatment for fungal nasal granuloma?
-each treatment consists of one bottle of NaI going IV
-repeated every week until signs of iodism occur
-pretreat with dexamethasone for anaphylaxis
What are the signs of iodism?
-flaky skin
-ropey nasal discharge
-alopecia
How many NaI treatments does it typically take to develop iodism?
2 to 3 treatments
What is allergic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma?
allergy against pollen or fungal spores
What causes acute allergic rhinitis?
mast cells and IgE mediate inflammation in a type 1 hypersensitivity
What causes enzootic nasal granuloma?
macrophage-mediated inflammation and repeated mast cell damage induces granulomas
What are the clinical signs of acute allergic rhinitis?
-sneezing
-nasal discharge
-pruritis
-dyspnea
-stertorous breathing
-inflamed mucosa
In addition to the allergic rhinitis signs, what other clinical sign is seen in enzootic nasal granuloma?
multiple focal granulomas or plaques throughout the nasal cavity
Which animals are most likely to get allergic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma?
-channel island breeds
-younger animals
-animals in the summer/in warm and moist environments
How is allergic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma diagnosed?
-visualization of nasal cavity
-intradermal skin testing/allergen ID; valuable animals only
What are the main treatment options for allergic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma?
-dexamethasone
-flunixin meglumine
What are the concerns surrounding dexamethasone use?
-will induce parturition in pregnant cows
-can cause immunosuppression with repeat doses
What are the other potential treatments for allergic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma?
-isofluprednisone
-topical corticosteroids
-antihistamines
What is the pathophysiology of sinusitis?
dehorning opens the frontal sinus to debris and opportunistic infections
What are the acute phase clinical signs of sinusitis?
-unilateral nasal discharge
-malaise
-fever
-stertor
-anorexia
What are the chronic phase clinical signs of sinusitis?
-nasal discharge
-head tilt
-foul breath
-facial malformation
-exophthalmos
How is sinusitis diagnosed?
-percussion of the sinuses
-observation of symmetry changes, nasal/ocular discharge
How is sinusitis treated?
-drilling into sinuses and lavaging
-procaine penicillin G
-flunixin meglumine
What are the best methods of dehorning?
-select for polled-ness when breeding
-dehorn at 2-6 weeks of age
What are retropharyngeal abscesses?
abscesses arising from local trauma in the pharyngeal area
What are the clinical signs of retropharyngeal abscesses?
-visible swelling beneath jaw/in throat latch
-inspiratory dyspnea
-extended neck
-ptyalism
-pain on swallowing
-regurg. of food through nostrils
-cough
-bloat
What is the treatment for retropharyngeal abscesses?
-lance and drain while carefully avoiding jugular v., carotid a., and facial a.
-rumenostomy for temp. feeding
-antibiotics and NSAIDs
What is necrotic laryngitis?
bacterial infection of the laryngeal mucosa
Which bacterium is associated with necrotic laryngitis?
Fusobacterium necrophorum
What is the pathophysiology of necrotic laryngitis?
-lesions arise from laryngeal irritation and trauma
-seen with long hauls, viral infections, and bawling/vocalization
What are the clinical signs of necrotic laryngitis?
-nasal discharge
-foul breath
-dysphagia
-moist cough
-inspiratory dyspnea
-roaring
How is necrotic laryngitis treated?
-any antibiotic
-flunixin NSAID
-tracheostomy in severe cases
What is tracheal edema syndrome?
progressive, dramatic constriction of the trachea of feedlot cattle with an UNKNOWN etiology
What is the typical signalment of cattle with tracheal edema syndrome?
-heavy cattle
-late in the feed period
What is the acute presentation of tracheal edema syndrome?
-dyspnea
-open-mouth breathing
-death
-“honkers”
How is tracheal edema syndrome treated?
-often not treated due to poor prognosis
-corticosteroids
-antibiotics
-NSAIDs
-heat abatement
