Lecture 3 10/14/24

Question 1

What are fungal nasal granulomas?

Answer 1

uncommon localized infection of the nasal mucosa resulting in granulomatous inflammation

Question 2

What causes fungal nasal granuloma?

Answer 2

various mycotic and bacterial pathogens

Question 3

What is the pathophysiology of fungal nasal granuloma?

Answer 3

-causative agent attracts macrophages to site
-macrophages induce tissue damage and granulomatous inflammation
-granuloma disrupts normal airflow

Question 4

What are the clinical signs of fungal nasal granuloma?

Answer 4

-upper resp. noise/stertor
-dyspnea
-unilateral bloody or mucopurulent nasal discharge**
-disrupted nasal airflow**

Question 5

How are fungal nasal granulomas diagnosed?

Answer 5

biopsy and culture/histopathology to identify hyphae/sporidium

Question 6

What are the characteristics of sodium iodide treatment for fungal nasal granuloma?

Answer 6

-each treatment consists of one bottle of NaI going IV
-repeated every week until signs of iodism occur
-pretreat with dexamethasone for anaphylaxis

Question 7

What are the signs of iodism?

Answer 7

-flaky skin
-ropey nasal discharge
-alopecia

Question 8

How many NaI treatments does it typically take to develop iodism?

Answer 8

2 to 3 treatments

Question 9

What is allergic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma?

Answer 9

allergy against pollen or fungal spores

Question 10

What causes acute allergic rhinitis?

Answer 10

mast cells and IgE mediate inflammation in a type 1 hypersensitivity

Question 11

What causes enzootic nasal granuloma?

Answer 11

macrophage-mediated inflammation and repeated mast cell damage induces granulomas

Question 12

What are the clinical signs of acute allergic rhinitis?

Answer 12

-sneezing
-nasal discharge
-pruritis
-dyspnea
-stertorous breathing
-inflamed mucosa

Question 13

In addition to the allergic rhinitis signs, what other clinical sign is seen in enzootic nasal granuloma?

Answer 13

multiple focal granulomas or plaques throughout the nasal cavity

Question 14

Which animals are most likely to get allergic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma?

Answer 14

-channel island breeds
-younger animals
-animals in the summer/in warm and moist environments

Question 15

How is allergic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma diagnosed?

Answer 15

-visualization of nasal cavity
-intradermal skin testing/allergen ID; valuable animals only

Question 16

What are the main treatment options for allergic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma?

Answer 16

-dexamethasone
-flunixin meglumine

Question 17

What are the concerns surrounding dexamethasone use?

Answer 17

-will induce parturition in pregnant cows
-can cause immunosuppression with repeat doses

Question 18

What are the other potential treatments for allergic rhinitis/enzootic nasal granuloma?

Answer 18

-isofluprednisone
-topical corticosteroids
-antihistamines

Question 19

What is the pathophysiology of sinusitis?

Answer 19

dehorning opens the frontal sinus to debris and opportunistic infections

Question 20

What are the acute phase clinical signs of sinusitis?

Answer 20

-unilateral nasal discharge
-malaise
-fever
-stertor
-anorexia

Question 21

What are the chronic phase clinical signs of sinusitis?

Answer 21

-nasal discharge
-head tilt
-foul breath
-facial malformation
-exophthalmos

Question 22

How is sinusitis diagnosed?

Answer 22

-percussion of the sinuses
-observation of symmetry changes, nasal/ocular discharge

Question 23

How is sinusitis treated?

Answer 23

-drilling into sinuses and lavaging
-procaine penicillin G
-flunixin meglumine

Question 24

What are the best methods of dehorning?

Answer 24

-select for polled-ness when breeding
-dehorn at 2-6 weeks of age

Question 25

What are retropharyngeal abscesses?

Answer 25

abscesses arising from local trauma in the pharyngeal area

Question 26

What are the clinical signs of retropharyngeal abscesses?

Answer 26

-visible swelling beneath jaw/in throat latch
-inspiratory dyspnea
-extended neck
-ptyalism
-pain on swallowing
-regurg. of food through nostrils
-cough
-bloat

Question 27

What is the treatment for retropharyngeal abscesses?

Answer 27

-lance and drain while carefully avoiding jugular v., carotid a., and facial a.
-rumenostomy for temp. feeding
-antibiotics and NSAIDs

Question 28

What is necrotic laryngitis?

Answer 28

bacterial infection of the laryngeal mucosa

Question 29

Which bacterium is associated with necrotic laryngitis?

Answer 29

Fusobacterium necrophorum

Question 30

What is the pathophysiology of necrotic laryngitis?

Answer 30

-lesions arise from laryngeal irritation and trauma
-seen with long hauls, viral infections, and bawling/vocalization

Question 31

What are the clinical signs of necrotic laryngitis?

Answer 31

-nasal discharge
-foul breath
-dysphagia
-moist cough
-inspiratory dyspnea
-roaring

Question 32

How is necrotic laryngitis treated?

Answer 32

-any antibiotic
-flunixin NSAID
-tracheostomy in severe cases

Question 33

What is tracheal edema syndrome?

Answer 33

progressive, dramatic constriction of the trachea of feedlot cattle with an UNKNOWN etiology

Question 34

What is the typical signalment of cattle with tracheal edema syndrome?

Answer 34

-heavy cattle
-late in the feed period

Question 35

What is the acute presentation of tracheal edema syndrome?

Answer 35

-dyspnea
-open-mouth breathing
-death
-“honkers”

Question 36

How is tracheal edema syndrome treated?

Answer 36

-often not treated due to poor prognosis
-corticosteroids
-antibiotics
-NSAIDs
-heat abatement