Lecture 1 9/24/24

Question 1

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

movement of air to lower respiratory tract for gas exchange

Question 2

Which structures comprise the upper airway?

Answer 2

-nasal passages
-sinuses
-nasopharynx
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi

Question 3

What is the function of the upper airway?

Answer 3

air conduction

Question 4

Which structures are considered tangential to the resp system?

Answer 4

-eustachian tube/guttural pouch
-middle ear
-inner ear

Question 5

What are the functions of the lungs?

Answer 5

-gas exchange
-air conduction

Question 6

What type of epithelium is seen in the upper airway?

Answer 6

pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Question 7

What are Pores of Kohn?

Answer 7

holes between and connecting alveoli

Question 8

What is the importance of Pores of Kohn?

Answer 8

-present in dogs and cats, allowing for diffuse pneumonia pattern
-absent in cattle, resulting in mosaic pneumonia pattern

Question 9

What are the characteristics of type 1 pneumocytes?

Answer 9

-very thin
-allow for gas diffusion across alveoli

Question 10

What are the characteristics of type 2 pneumocytes?

Answer 10

-thicker
-not as good at gas exchange
-produce pulmonary surfactant
-proliferate to repair if type 1 pneumocytes are damaged

Question 11

What are the components of the blood-air barrier?

Answer 11

-fused basement membrane
-endothelial cells
-type 1 pneumocytes

Question 12

What are the characteristics of Clara cells?

Answer 12

-make club cell secretory protein
-CCSP produced is anti-inflammatory
-important for metabolism

Question 13

What are the characteristics of aerogenous entry?

Answer 13

-particle size is important
-heavier/bigger particles deposit first
-smaller particles are more widely deposited
-breathed in

Question 14

What are the characteristics of hematogenous entry?

Answer 14

-via blood
-multifocal, random, and widespread
-can be diffuse

Question 15

What are the main mechanisms of clearance for the resp tract?

Answer 15

-coughing/sneezing
-mucociliary clearance
-phagocytosis

Question 16

How does anatomy of the resp. tract contribute to clearance?

Answer 16

turbulence, stenosis, and inertia force substances against the mucosa

Question 17

What can lead to the inhibition of mucociliary clearance?

Answer 17

-certain infections/mycoplasma
-dehydration
-smoking

Question 18

What are the characteristics of alveolar macrophages?

Answer 18

-primary immune cell in healthy lungs
-can be inhibited or evaded
-can cause damage

Question 19

What is the main characteristic of pulmonary intravascular macrophages?

Answer 19

important for eliminating bacteremia and endotoxins

Question 20

Which cell other than macrophages is involved in phagocytosis clearance in the resp tract?

Answer 20

lymphocytes in the BALT

Question 21

Why is the bronchoalveolar junction the most vulnerable part of the resp tract?

Answer 21

it is a transition zone that lacks innate portions and alveolar macrophages

Question 22

What are the potential sources of injury to the resp tract?

Answer 22

-oxidant gases
-toxic metabolites
-free radicals secondary to inflammation

Question 23

What are antioxidants?

Answer 23

product of the alveolar/bronchiole epithelial cells and pulmonary interstitium that defends against oxidant and free radical damage

Question 24

What are the potential causes of impaired defense mechanisms within the resp tract?

Answer 24

-viral infection
-toxic gases
-immunodeficiencies
-ciliary dyskinesia

Question 25

What is hemoptysis?

Answer 25

coughing blood

Question 26

What are the types of exudates?

Answer 26

-serous
-catarrhal
-fibrinous
-purulent
-mucopurulent
-fibrinosuppurative
-granulomatous

Question 27

What are the potential etiologies of exudates?

Answer 27

-allergic
-bacterial
-viral
-mycotic
-parasitic

Question 28

What must be included in an inflammatory morphologic diagnosis of the resp tract?

Answer 28

-severity
-time course
-distribution
-inflammatory modifier
-location