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FA2 Respiratory > Lecture 29 11/19/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 29 11/19/24 Flashcards

1
Q

Which viruses can cause viral pneumonia in dogs?

A

-distemper virus
-canine parainfluenza virus
-canine adenovirus 2
-influenza virus

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2
Q

Which viruses can cause viral pneumonia in cats?

A

-calicivirus
-herpesvirus
-FIP
-influenza virus

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of toxoplasmosis in cats?

A

-causes protozoal pneumonia in immunocompromised animals
-lungs are major site of replication
-pneumonia indicates generalized toxoplasmosis

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4
Q

Which protozoa causes protozoal pneumonia in young and immunocompromised dogs?

A

neospora

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5
Q

Which parasites can cause parasitic pneumonia?

A

-lungworms; Aelurostrongylus, Filaroides
-lung flukes; Paragonimus
-larval migration; roundworms, hookworms
-heartworms
-Angiostrongylus vasorum

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of heartworms in cats/

A

-causes heartworm associated resp. disease (HARD)
-due to infection with immature L4s that do not mature into adults
-inflammatory airway and lung parenchymal reaction
-lung changes remain despite death of L4s
-often misdiagnosed as asthma

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7
Q

What are the clinical signs of eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy?

A

-coughing
-gagging
-retching
-increased lung sounds
-dyspnea possible

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8
Q

What is the signalment for eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy?

A

-young adults
-medium to large breeds
-nordic breeds
-females > males

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9
Q

How is eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy diagnosed?

A

-radiographs/CT
-CBC: peripheral eosinophilia
-bronchoscopy
-BAL: >50% eosinophils
-ruling out parasites

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy presentation?

A

-variety of radiographic signs based on phenotype
–diffuse mixed broncho-interstitial pattern, granulomas, alveolar pattern
-may have hilar lymphadenopathy
-possible bronchiectasis

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11
Q

How is eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy treated?

A

-allergen avoidance
-treat allergic disease
-systemic corticosteroids +/- inhaled corticosteroids

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12
Q

What is the prognosis of eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy?

A

-good for control
-can cure if cause is identified and removed
-relapse can occur if therapy is discontinued
-more guarded prognosis if eosinophilic pulmonary granulomatosis occurs

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in west highland white terriers?

A

-chronic, progressive, interstitial lung disease
-presents in middle to old age
-animals have prolonged history of resp. signs
-distinct pulmonary crackles on auscultation

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14
Q

What is important to note about the etiology and treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in west highland white terriers?

A

both the etiology and the best treatment are currently unknown

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15
Q

Which dog breeds are most likely to develop pulmonary neoplasia?

A

-boxer
-doberman pinscher
-australian shepherd
-irish setter
-bernese mountain dog

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16
Q

What are the clinical findings in animals with pulmonary neoplasia?

A

-cough
-exercise intolerance
-distress
-potentially asymptomatic
-clinical signs vary in paraneoplastic syndromes

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17
Q

How is pulmonary neoplasia diagnosed?

A

-radiographs
-CT
-TTW/BAL
-fine needle aspirate
-biopsy

18
Q

What are the treatments for pulmonary neoplasia?

A

-surgery
-chemotherapy (unlikely to be effective)
-stereotactic radiation therapy
-inhaled IL-15 possible

19
Q

What are the characteristics of feline lung neoplasia?

A

-primary lung neoplasia less common in cats than dogs
-average age at diagnosis is 11-12 years
-history includes vague clinical signs and resp. signs
-carcinoma commonly metastasizes to the digits
-lymphoma can have variable radiographic presentation

20
Q

How is feline pulmonary neoplasia diagnosed?

A

cytology on pleural effusion

21
Q

What are the treatments for feline pulmonary neoplasia?

A

-palliative care
-chemotherapy
-NSAIDs or steroids

22
Q

What is the prognosis of feline pulmonary neoplasia?

A

-often diagnosed in an advanced stage
-prognosis generally poor in advanced stages
-primary neoplasia without metastasis has better prognosis with surgical removal
-variable survival times

23
Q

What is pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

obstruction of vessel via a clot from another area in the body

24
Q

What is the consequence of a thromboembolism entering pulmonary circulation?

A

it obstructs blood flow and causes V/Q mismatch

25
Q

What is Virchow’s triad for thrombosis?

A

-changes in vessel endothelium
-impairment of blood flow
-development of pro-thrombotic tendencies in the blood

26
Q

How do arterial thrombi differ from venous thrombi?

A

-arterial thrombi consist of platelets and fibrin
-venous thrombi form under low shear conditions and consist of fibrin and entrapped erythrocytes
-thrombus that forms depends on underlying cause
-arterial vs venous impacts treatment choice

27
Q

Which specific diseases are risk factors for pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-cardiomyopathy
-heartworms
-glomerulonephritis/protein-losing nephropathy
-hyperadrenocorticism
-IMHA
-neoplasia
-nephrotic syndrome
-pancreatitis
-systemic lupus erythematous
-vasculitis

28
Q

Which general conditions are risk factors for pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-DIC
-immobility
-orthopedic surgery
-sepsis
-severe inflammation/inflammatory response syndrome
-severe systemic illness
-trauma
-vascular access

29
Q

What are the functions of the pulmonary vasculature?

A

-filtration
-protect other vital structures

30
Q

What is the prognosis of pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-small ones are often subclinical
-large ones can cause sudden death
-degree of occlusion determines outcome
-response to thrombus produces additional pathology

31
Q

What are the clinical signs of pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-acute onset dyspnea
-restlessness
-cough
-normal auscultation
-cyanosis

32
Q

Which clinical signs can occur when pulmonary thromboembolism causes hypoxia?

A

-tachypnea
-hemoptysis
-sudden collapse
-altered mentation

33
Q

What are the determinants of severity for pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-extent/size of embolism
-reflex humoral factors
-patient’s prior condition

34
Q

What are the differentials for pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-asthma
-pulmonary hemorrhage
-pleural space disease
-CHF
-ARDS
-airway obstruction
-pneumonia

35
Q

What is the difficulty in diagnosing pulmonary thromboembolism in dogs?

A

there is no evidence-based, confirmed diagnostic approach

36
Q

Which diagnostics are used for pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-blood gases
-thoracic rads
-CT with angiography
-nuclear medicine scan
-echo
-thromboelastography
-D-dimers

37
Q

What are the characteristics of radiology as a diagnostic tool for pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-used to rule out other pulmonary disease
-non-specific
-may appear normal initially
-pulmonary vessels affected
-pulmonary infiltrates and pleural effusion possible
-focal/lobar hyperlucency, focal effusions, and/or focal alveolar patterns possible

38
Q

What are the characteristics of A-a gradient as a diagnostic tool for pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-Alveolar and arterial gradient measurement
-valid for patients on room air only
-take PAO2 minus PaO2
-normal is 10 to 15 mmHg; increased gradient may indicate PTE

39
Q

What are the characteristics of P:F ratio as a diagnostic tool for pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-P:F ratio is PaO2/FiO2
-normal is approximately 500
-decreased ratio may indicate PTE

40
Q

What are the characteristics of D-dimers as a diagnostic tool for pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-used to determine if thrombus has formed and is being broken down
-concentrations less than 250 ng/mL have a high sensitivity for the absence of PTE
-sensitive but non-specific

41
Q

What are the therapies used for pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-O2
-fluid therapy
-prevention of further PTE growth: heparin/warfarin/direct factor Xa anticoagulant
-possible thrombolytic therapy

42
Q

What are the characteristics of feline pulmonary thromboembolism?

A

-rarely diagnosed
-most commonly associated with neoplasia, anemia, and pancreatitis
-demonstrate with dyspnea and resp. distress

FA2 Respiratory (33 decks)

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