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FA2 Respiratory > Lecture 26 11/18/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 26 11/18/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general characteristics of coughing?

A

-cough reflex triggered by stimulating cough receptors in the larynx, trachea, and/or bronchi
-draw air into the lungs to augment force of expulsion
-acute cough is less than 3 weeks duration
-want to rule out cardiac disease in every coughing animal

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC)?

A

-any contagious, acute-onset resp. infection in dogs
-typically involves upper resp. tract
-acute and highly contagious
-etiology can be bacterial and/or viral
-synergistic infections possible

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3
Q

What are the viral etiologies of CIRD?

A

-canine parainfluenza virus
-canine adenovirus 2
-canine herpesvirus 1
-canine distemper virus
-canine respiratory coronavirus
-canine influenza virus
-canine pneumovirus

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4
Q

What are the bacterial etiologies of CIRD?

A

-Bordetella bronchiseptica
-Mycoplasma cynos
-Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of Bordetella bronchiseptica?

A

-normal resp. tract inhabitant
-gram neg. aerobic bacillus
-commonly a secondary pathogen
-can cause severe primary infections
-high morbidity, low mortality
-often seen with CPIV

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6
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Bordetella bronchiseptica?

A

-incubation period of 2-10 days
-can be shed for months
-clinical signs vary from mild upper resp signs to severe bronchopneumonia
-transmission via inhalation/airborne route
-highly contagious
-causes dry paroxysmal cough and nasal discharge

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7
Q

How does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause damage to the lungs?

A

-bacteria attach to and colonize resp. epithelium
-attachment initiates ciliostasis
-bacteria express exo/endotoxins to promote cellular injury and bacterial survival
-adherence occurs via adhesins

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of Bordetella in cats?

A

-can be a primary pathogen
-risk factors include overcrowding, stress, and age
-clinical signs include sneezing and nasal discharge
-clinical signs may progress to dyspnea, cyanosis, and death, especially in kittens

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of Mycoplasma?

A

-many species are commensal
-lack a cell wall
-fastidious
-colonizes ciliated and non-ciliated epithelium
-can persist in the lungs up to 3 weeks after infection
-transmitted via aerosol

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus?

A

-beta-hemolytic Lancefield C Strep. species
-contact with horses identified in some cases of the bacteria in dogs
-causes acute severe bronchopneumonia
-clinical signs begin midl but progress rapidly over 24-48 hours
-severe fibrinosuppurative, necrotizing, hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of canine parainfluenza?

A

-enveloped RNA virus
-most common viral isolate of CIRD
-pure viral infection causes mild signs
-most common sign is a high pitched honking cough from vocal fold swelling
-does not survive well in environment

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of canine adenovirus 2?

A

-nonenveloped dsDNA virus
-frequently isolated in upper resp. disease
-mild signs
-typically seen with other infectious agents
-very contagious
-survives in environment for months

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of canine coronavirus?

A

-enveloped RNA virus
-no evidence that it is a primary CIRD pathogen
-resp virus is different than the enteric virus
-species specific
-signs typically mild
-strains can mutate

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of canine influenza H3N8?

A

-community acquired virus found in many states
-typical signs of upper resp disease, including cough and nasal discharge
-up to 20% of cases are asymptomatic

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of canine influenza H3N8?

A

-incubation of 2 to 4 days
-virus sheds for 7 to 10 days

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16
Q

How is canine influenza H3N8 diagnosed?

A

-paired serology
-virus detection by PCR

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17
Q

What is the importance of canine influenza H3N2?

A

mutated avian influenza virus that has now adapted to the dog

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of canine influenza treatment and prevention?

A

-supportive care
-isolation; virus can persist in environment
-vaccine available
-oseltamivir/tamiflu not studied and not recommended

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of canine distemper virus?

A

-enveloped single strand neg. sense RNA virus
-infection rate is much higher than disease rate
-approximately 25-75% of susceptible dogs are subclinically infected and clear the virus

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20
Q

What is the pathogenesis of canine distemper?

A

-spread by aerosol when there is contact between animals
-excreted up to 60 to 90 days post infection
-resp. tract is not the primary target
-vaccination against distemper is associated with significantly lower risk of CIRDC and severe resp. signs

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of canine distemper presentation?

A

-varies with strain virulence, age of host, immunocompetence, and body systems affected
-many cases are subclinical
-often confused with kennel cough and parvovirus

22
Q

What are the clinical signs of distemper?

A

-fever
-depression
-anorexia
-conjunctivitis
-cough
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-dehydration
-sudden death
-chewing gum seizures
-myoclonus

23
Q

How is canine distemper diagnosed?

A

-clinical signs
-ophthalmologic exam
-CBC
-biochem
-possibly radiology
-IgG and IgM serology
-PCR on urine (can be positive with vaccination)

24
Q

What is the therapy for distemper?

A

-isolation
-supportive care
-treatment of secondary infections
-nutritional support
-anticonvulsants if seizures occur

25
Q

What are the characteristics of the canine distemper vaccine?

A

-maternal immunity can interfere with response to vaccine
-MLV and recombinant vaccines available
-attenuated live vx can cause encephalitis in immunocompromised puppies less than 6 weeks of age
-distemper involvement in CIRDC is rare due to vaccination

26
Q

What are characteristics of an uncomplicated case of CIRDC?

A

-mild, self-limiting disease
-all ages susceptible
-incubation period of 3 to 10 days
-dry, harsh, non-productive cough
-duration of 7 to 10 days
-no other clinical findings

27
Q

What are the characteristics of a complicated case of CIRDC?

A

-seen in young puppies and immunocompromised dogs
-productive cough
-fever, depression, and naso-ocular discharge common
-thoracic rads will show signs of infection
-lasts 1 to 3 weeks
-potentially fatal

28
Q

How is CIRD diagnosed?

A

-history of exposure
-blood work and radiographs (may be normal)
-TTW/ETW for culture and sensitivity
-PCR panels

29
Q

What is the therapy for CIRD?

A

-treatment of specific infections
-antibiotics only when needed
-humidify air
-potential for cough suppressants and bronchodilators
-rest
-harnesses instead of collars
-isolation of animals for at least 2 weeks

30
Q

How is CIRD prevented?

A

-avoid contaminated areas
-decrease stress and overcrowding
-vaccinate for resp diseases

31
Q

Which parasites can cause coughing?

A

-Filaroides osleri
-Crenosoma vulpi
-Capillaria aerophilia

32
Q

What are the potential upper resp. causes of cough?

A

-parasites
-foreign body
-chemical or mechanical irritant

33
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic bronchitis in dogs?

A

-incurable with an insidious onset
-chronic and persistent cough
-no identifiable or persistent primary cause
-syndrome, not necessarily final diagnosis

34
Q

What is seen on physical exam in dogs with chronic bronchitis?

A

-normal body condition
-wheezes
-crackles
-increased airway sounds
-persistent cough, often with terminal retch

35
Q

What are the potential etiologies of chronic bronchitis?

A

-defect in mucociliary function
-airway parasites
-infections
-inhaled irritants
-allergy
-aerodigestive disorders

36
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for chronic bronchitis?

A

-left atrial enlargement/heart disease
-heartworm disease
-collapsing trachea
-neoplasia
-fungus

37
Q

How is the underlying cause of chronic bronchitis diagnosed?

A

-exclusion of all potential primary/secondary causes
-baseline blood work; look for eosinophilia
-fecal for lungworms
-heartworm testing
-arterial blood gas and pulse ox
-6 minute walk test

38
Q

What are the findings on radiology in dogs with bronchitis?

A

-prominent bronchial structures/”donuts”
-interstitial infiltrate
-bronchiectasis
-overall not super specific

39
Q

How is chronic bronchitis diagnosed?

A

-radiology
-TTW/ETW
-bronchoscopy (collapse of airways = worse prognosis

40
Q

What are the treatment goals for chronic bronchitis?

A

-reduce inflammation
-limit cough
-improve exercise stamina
-slow progression of disease and reduce airway remodeling

41
Q

What are the prevention steps for chronic bronchitis?

A

-reduce environmental contamination
-prevent exposure to potential underlying pathogens
-reduce obesity
-use harnesses instead of collars
-prevent excessive barking

42
Q

How is chronic bronchitis treated?

A

-corticosteroids/inhaled glucocorticoids
-bronchodilators
-potentially antitussives
-antibiotics if concurrent infection is present

43
Q

What should cough suppressants be considered?

A

when a cough is non-productive, exhausting, painful, or causing potential for lung damage

44
Q

When are cough suppressants contraindicated?

A

productive coughs that are used to remove possible infectious fluids and secretions from the lungs

45
Q

What are the characteristics of hydrocodone/hycodan?

A

-hydrocodone combined with atropine
-atropine exerts significant side effects
-atropine limits dosing but discourages abuse
-suspected action based on binding to mu opioid receptor

46
Q

What are the characteristics of maropitant/cerenia?

A

-NK1 receptor antagonist
-inhibits substance P, a potent NK1 receptor agonist
-prevents bronchoconstriction, chemotaxis, and neutrophil adhesion caused by substance P

47
Q

What are the characteristics of neuromodulators?

A

-includes drugs such as gabapentin and amitriptyline
-used for chronic, idiopathic coughs
-can help with sensory neuropathy and laryngeal irritability

48
Q

What are the characteristics of mucokinetic drugs?

A

-help eliminate resp. secretions by changing viscosity
-include acetylcysteine and guaifenesin

49
Q

What are the characteristics of antihistamines?

A

-may be useful if cough is suspected to have allergic component
-direct effects occur by blocking H1 receptors in central and peripheral nervous systems
-indirect effects include reduced mucous secretion and sedation

50
Q

What are the characteristics of coughing cats?

A

-not as common as dogs
-typically not treated specifically for coughing
-cough often caused by chronic lower airway inflammatory disease

FA2 Respiratory (30 decks)

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