Lecture 19 11/4/24

Question 1

What are the characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 1

-common nasal planum tumor in dogs and cats with white fur or pink noses
-can occur with excessive sun exposure
-biopsies should be taken of any nasal, temporal, or pinna lesions

Question 2

What are the treatment options for planum squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 2

-cryotherapy
-strontium
-photodynamic therapy
-hyperthermia
-radiation
-planectomy (partial or complete)
-planectomy + partial maxillectomy

Question 3

What are the characteristics of bilateral nerve blocks?

Answer 3

-blocks done for maxillary and infraorbital nerves
-reduces intraoperative anesthetic requirements
-improves post-op analgesia

Question 4

What are the steps to a planectomy in cats?

Answer 4

-remove nasal planum
-perform a purse string suture with 3-0 monocryl or biosyn

Question 5

What are the major complications of planectomies in dogs?

Answer 5

-stenosis
-dehiscence
-recurrence from incomplete margins
-disfigurement

Question 6

What are the characteristics of inflammatory polyps?

Answer 6

-benign masses that arise within the middle ear
-erupt through the tympanic membrane
-grow down the auditory tube
-primarily seen in young cats

Question 7

What are the clinical signs of inflammatory polyps in cats?

Answer 7

-nasal discharge
-sneezing
-stertor
-phonation changes
-head shaking
-aural discharge
-horner’s syndrome
-head tilt
-vestibular signs

Question 8

What are the diagnostics for inflammatory polyps?

Answer 8

-oral and otic examination
-radiographs/CT: look for bulla sclerosis, soft tissue opacities in the bulla, and soft tissue opacities in the nasopharynx

Question 9

What is the treatment for inflammatory polyps?

Answer 9

-remove polyps with slow and steady traction
-treat with oral steroids
-ventral bulla osteotomy for recurrent polyps

Question 10

What are the characteristics of a ventral bulla osteotomy?

Answer 10

-ventral approach to the bulla through the neck
-allows complete removal of tissue
-low recurrence rate following procedure
-high risk of horner’s syndrome and head tilt post-op

Question 11

What is the outcome for cats with inflammatory polyps?

Answer 11

35% already have hearing deficits that will not improve following removal

Question 12

What are the causes of congenital oronasal fistulas?

Answer 12

-primary cleft palate
-secondary cleft palate

Question 13

What are the causes of acquired oronasal fistulas?

Answer 13

-dental procedures
-trauma
-neoplasia

Question 14

What are the goals for correcting a primary cleft palate?

Answer 14

re-establish nasal and oral cavities, nares, and lip margins

Question 15

What type of closure is sufficient for tooth extraction and why?

Answer 15

single layer closure since the wound is fresh and the tissues are well vascularized

Question 16

What are the steps of a single pedicle advancement flap?

Answer 16

-make a flap adjacent to the fistula
-elevate below periosteum
-advance buccal or labial flap and suture to palatal mucosal edge

Question 17

What are the characteristics of secondary cleft palate?

Answer 17

-birth defect of soft and/or hard palate
-results in rhinitis, pneumonia, and “poor doer”
-delay hard palate repair to 3 months of age

Question 18

What type of closure is done to repair healed oronasal fistulas and congenital secondary cleft palate?

Answer 18

two layer closure that allows for reformation of nasal and oral mucosa

Question 19

How are traumatic oronasal fistulas repaired?

Answer 19

repaired with inverting flaps and covered with advancement flaps

Question 20

What is the outcome for secondary cleft palate surgery?

Answer 20

-functional success in 85% of dogs
-oronasal fistulas develop in about half of dogs
-at least half of dogs need additional repairs
-no significant difference in outcome based on skull type, hard palate defect severity, surgical technique, or number of layers of closure