Lecture 31 11/25/24 Flashcards
What are some of the potential developmental respiratory abnormalities?
-cleft palate
-choanal atresia/no nostrils
-deviated nasal septum
What are the common causes of upper respiratory pathology in equines?
-progressive ethmoid hematomas
-polyps and cysts
-viral infections
-fungus
-parasitic
-neoplastic
What are the characteristics of strangles?
-caused by Strep. equi equi
-young horses are most susceptible
-highly contagious
-reportable in some states
What is the pathology of strangles?
-starts as rhinitis and lymphadenitis
-spreads to sinuses and guttural pouches
-horses that recover may become carriers
What are the characteristics of glanders?
-caused by Burkholderia mallei
-gram neg. bacteria
-OIE reportable
-causes pyogranulomatous inflammation and ulceration
What are the characteristics of pseudoglanders?
-looks like glanders
-caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei
-reportable
-potential to spread to both lungs
What are the characteristics of fungal upper airway pathology in horses?
-guttural pouch mycosis
-often Aspergillus spp.
-sequela is fatal hemorrhage
Which parasite causes upper airway pathology in horses?
Rhinosporidium seberi
Which neoplasia type causes upper airway pathology in horses?
squamous cell carcinoma
What are the characteristics of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis?
-caused by bovine herpesvirus-1
-pathology includes fibrin, hemorrhage, necrosis, and diphtheritic membranes
-nasal and bronchial infection
-synergistic with other viruses and bacteria
-part of BRD
What lesion leads to frontal sinusitis?
improper dehorning
What lesion leads to maxillary sinusitis?
tooth infections
What are the two main causes of upper airway pathology in sheep and goats?
-Oestrus ovis
-enzootic nasal tumor
What are the characteristics of enzootic nasal tumor?
-caused by retrovirus infection
-likes the ethmoid area
What are the characteristics of atrophic rhinitis?
-presents as severe nasal turbinate atrophy
-causes deviation of nasal septum
-can predispose to secondary infections
-infected pigs are poor doers
What is the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis?
-infection with B. bronchiseptica produces dermonecrotoxin
-promotes infection with toxin-producing strains of P. multocida
-P. multocida toxin promotes osteoclast proliferation and inhibits osteoblast activity
-resorption of nasal turbinates occurs
What are the clinical signs of rhinitis in canines?
-sneezing
-discharge
-epistaxis
-masses
What are the characteristics of viral rhinitis in dogs?
-often part of diffuse resp. disease
-lymphoplasmacytic presentation
What are the characteristics of bacterial rhinitis in dogs?
-potentially secondary to viral
-associated with B. bronchiseptica, E. coli, and P. multocida
-suppurative presentation
What are the characteristics of fungal rhinitis in dogs?
-often leads to granulomatous rhinitis
-Aspergillus spp. most common in the nose
-potential for Blasto.
What are the characteristics of idiopathic rhinitis in dogs?
-lymphoplasmacytic presentation
-can include eosinophils if due to an allergic cause
What are the characteristics of nasal neoplasia in dogs?
-carcinoma is most common
-can grossly look like granulomatous inflammation
-lymphoma also possible
What are the characteristics of feline herpesvirus?
-decreases host defenses
-increases risk for secondary infections
-complicated by Mycoplasma, Bordetella, and Strep.
-secondary infections present with suppurative/catarrhal rhinitis and conjunctivitis
-ocular discharge and keratitis common
What are the characteristics of feline calicivirus?
-lots of overlap with feline herpesvirus symptoms
-causes oral ulcerations
-can cause severe lower airway disease
-severe form causes systemic fever and hemorrhage with up to 50% fatality rate
What are the characteristics of feline chlamydiosis?
-caused by Chlamydia felis
-causes conjunctivitis
-causes serous or mucopurulent rhinitis
What are the characteristics of cryptococcus rhinitis in cats?
-caused by Cryptococcus neoformans
-presents with minimal inflammation
Which neoplasia types are most common in the nasal cavity of cats?
-lymphoma; typically B cell
-squamous cell carcinoma
What are the characteristics of nasopharyngeal polyps?
-secondary to chronic inflammation
-occur in young cats most commonly
What are the characteristics of viral hemorrhagic disease in rabbits?
-caused by rabbit calicivirus
-causes terminal fatal epistaxis or sudden death
-occurs in outbreaks
What are the characteristics of snuffles in rabbits?
-caused by P. multocida
-causes severe mucopurulent rhinosinusitis
What are the characteristics of white nose in bats?
-caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans fungus
-limited to the skin of the nasal planum
-associated with mass morbidity and mortality
What are the characteristics of fowl cholera?
-caused by P. multocida or Mycoplasma gallisepticum
-common in backyard flocks
-highly contagious
-causes chronic heterophilic to granulomatous sinusitis
What is the pathogenesis of tracheal collapse?
cartilage dysplasia leads to abnormal cartilage rings and widened dorsal tracheal membrane
Which breeds are most affected by tracheal collapse?
toy and miniature dog breeds
What are the characteristics of tracheal hypoplasia?
-tracheal lumen smaller than normal
-sometimes associated with bronchial hypoplasia
-most common in english bulldogs and boston terriers
