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FA2 Respiratory > Lecture 6 10/15/24 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 10/15/24 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

A

-causes formation of syncytial cells in the lungs
-very common
-most cattle are likely seropositive

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2
Q

What are the two manifestations of BRSV?

A

-upper respiratory, which is more common
-lower respiratory

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3
Q

What are the clinical signs of an upper BRSV infection?

A

-high fever
-ptyalism
-cough
-increased lung sounds
-anorexia
-oculonasal discharge

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of lower BRSV infection?

A

-causes interstitial pneumonia that alters the architecture of the lungs
-inflammation occurs between alveoli
-ruptured alveoli result in emphysematous bullae and subcutaneous emphysema

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5
Q

What are the clinical signs seen in calves with interstitial pneumonia due to BRSV?

A

-expiratory dyspnea
-open-mouthed breathing
-respiratory collapse

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6
Q

What is the signalment of cattle with BRSV?

A

cattle can be in any age group

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7
Q

Why is BRSV difficult to culture?

A

the virus is very fragile and not likely to grow/survive

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8
Q

Which diagnostic methods are used for BRSV?

A

-immunohistochemistry
-FA
-PCR
-necropsy (easiest diagnostic method)

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9
Q

How is BRSV treated?

A

-corticosteroids
-NSAIDs
-antihistamines

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10
Q

How is BRSV prevented?

A

vaccination (MLV available)

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of para-influenza 3 virus?

A

-often subclinical
-fever
-cough
-nasal and ocular discharge

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12
Q

What is the pathophysiology of para-influenza 3 virus?

A

weakens immune system to allow for synergistic infections

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13
Q

How is para-influenza 3 virus diagnosed?

A

-PCR
-virus isolation
-serology

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14
Q

How is para-influenza 3 virus prevented?

A

vaccination

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of bovine coronavirus?

A

-fever
-nasal and ocular discharge
-coughing
-diarrhea

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16
Q

What are important characteristics of bovine coronavirus?

A

-same virus that causes neonatal diarrhea and winter dysentery also causes resp. disease
-clinical signs of viral infection can worsen following secondary bacterial pneumonia

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17
Q

How is bovine coronavirus prevented from causing resp disease?

A

by using the bovine rota-coronavirus vx off label as an intranasal vx

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18
Q

What is the importance of Mannheima haemolytica serotypes?

A

-all serotypes can be commensals of the nasal cavity
-serotypes A1 and A6 are commonly pathogenic under correct conditions

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of M. haemolytica leukotoxin?

A

-main virulence factor
-binds to beta-2 integrins on ruminant leukocyte and punches hole in cell
-increases number of beta-2 receptors and induces apoptosis
-induces cell lysis

20
Q

Why is the lysis of neutrophils in M. haemolytica infection important?

A

toxic compounds in the neutrophils spill out and damage the tissue

21
Q

What are the characteristics of M. haemolytica endotoxin?

A

-induces cytokine storm
-production of IL-8 increases neutrophil migration into lungs

22
Q

Which pathogen is the most economically significant in cattle?

A

M. haemolytica

23
Q

What must be contained in a good vaccine against M. haemolytica?

A

purified leukotoxoid

24
Q

What is important to note about the M. haemolytica toxoid vx?

A

immunity is short lived

25
Q

What are the characteristics of Pasteurella multocida?

A

-not as severe as M. haemolytica
-cattle inhale small amounts of bacteria from the nasopharynx
-small area is colonized by the bacteria; slowly expands to form larger lesion

26
Q

What is the pathophysiology of P. multocida?

A

-chronic resp damage is necessary for bacteria to colonize lung
-seen in dairy calves housed in poorly ventilated barns
-takes over after an infection with M. haemolytica in feedlot cattle

27
Q

What type of pneumonia is caused by M. haemolytica?

A

fibrinous pleuropneumonia

28
Q

What type of pneumonia is caused by P. multocida?

A

bronchopneumonia that is less severe than that associated with M. haemolytica

29
Q

What are the downsides to vaccinating against bacterial pathogens?

A

-not efficacious
-not long lasting
-disrupting effects of stress and viral infections is more beneficial

30
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Histophilus somni?

A

-forms lesions on endothelial membranes
-causes vasculitis and thrombosis
-affects multiple organ systems
-induces endothelial cell death and exposes the basement membrane, activating the coag. cascade

31
Q

What are the four “flavors” of Mycoplasma bovis?

A

-pneumonia
-mastitis
-otitis
-septic arthritis

32
Q

What is important about M. bovis infection?

A

-causes multisystemic manifestations
-most infections likely start as a pneumonia and the bacteria spread elsewhere in the body

33
Q

Why are M. bovis infections difficult to treat?

A

-chronic and non-responsive to antibiotics
-no cell wall; beta-lactams are useless

34
Q

Why is M. bovis difficult to vaccinate against?

A

the surface proteins are variable

35
Q

Which diagnostic methods are primarily used to diagnose bacterial pathogens?

A

-culture
-PCR

36
Q

Which samples can be used to diagnose bact. infections?

A

-nasal swab
-deep nasopharyngeal swab
-TTW
-BAL
-pleurocentesis
-lung tissue biopsy

37
Q

Why is diagnosing bacterial pathogens difficult?

A

many of the bacterial pathogens that cause disease are also commensals of the nasal cavity

38
Q

What is the importance of ultrasound?

A

-best tool for evaluating pulmonary surface
-can be used for early detection of pulmonary disease

39
Q

What are the two triggers for treating calves with pneumonia?

A

-clinical signs such as poor appetite, lack of rumen fill, depression, and increased resp. rate
-increased temperature; greater than 104

40
Q

What are the problems with the current method for identifying calves requiring pneumonia treatment?

A

-sensitivity is 62% and specificity is 63%
-greater than 50% of calves with evidence of pneumonia at slaughter were never treated

41
Q

How is treatment duration determined?

A

-attitude
-appetite
-weight gain
-rectal temp

42
Q

How long are cattle given to respond before changing antibiotic/treatment?

A

3 days

43
Q

Which methods can be useful in the identification of pneumonia and treatment duration determinations?

A

-biomarkers such as haptoglobin and haptoglobin-MMP
-activity monitors

44
Q

What is BRD metaphylaxis?

A

treating animals that are at high risk for BRD/are incubating BRD but do not yet have clinical signs

45
Q

Why is it important to culture an animal prior to treatment whenever possible?

A

-culturing before treatment allows for identification of the pathogen and its actual sensitivity profile
-culturing after treatment can cause pathogen to be missed or sensitivity profile to show resistance

46
Q

What are the two perspectives on NSAID use in treating BRD?

A

one cow at a time:
-want to control inflammation causing pneumonia
-NSAIDs cause clinical improvement
many cows at a time:
-treatment costs outweigh benefits of NSAID use
-no effect on weight gain or economic improvement

FA2 Respiratory (18 decks)

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