Lecture 11 10/18/24 Flashcards

1
Q

Which cranial nerves pass through the guttural pouch?

A

-7
-9
-10
-11
-12

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2
Q

What is tympany?

A

excessive accumulation of air in one or both guttural pouches

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3
Q

What is empyema?

A

accumulation of purulent material in one or both guttural pouches

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4
Q

What is a chondroid?

A

accumulation of concretions; chronic condition

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5
Q

What is mycosis?

A

localized fungal colonization of one or both guttural pouches

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6
Q

What is the etiology of tympany?

A

congenital or acquired abnormality of the pharyngeal opening

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7
Q

What is the etiology of empyema?

A

primary or secondary upper respiratory infection

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8
Q

What is the etiology of mycosis?

A

fungal infection, such as Aspergillosis

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of tympany?

A

-throat latch swelling
-dyspnea

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of empyema?

A

-throat latch swelling
-unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge
-dyspnea

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of mycosis?

A

-spontaneous epistaxis
-coughing
-dysphagia
-poor performance
-head tilt

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12
Q

How are guttural pouch diseases diagnosed?

A

-history/clinical signs
-physical exam
-radiography
-endoscopy
-centesis

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13
Q

What is the treatment for unilateral guttural pouch tympany?

A

fenestration of median septum

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14
Q

What is the treatment for bilateral guttural pouch tympany?

A

resection of the excessive plica salpingopharyngeal flap

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15
Q

What is the prognosis for tympany?

A

-uncomplicated cases have a favorable prognosis
-many will develop secondary bact. infections and require antibiotics

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16
Q

What is the treatment for empyema/chondroids?

A

-isolate animal until culture comes back
-aggressive lavage
-systemic antimicrobials
-endoscopic removal of chondroids
-surgical treatment if other management fails

17
Q

What are the characteristics of mycosis presentation?

A

-emergency
-relatively uncommon
-must be ruled out in all horses with epistaxis
-no geographic, age, breed, or gender predisposition

18
Q

What is the treatment for mycosis?

A

surgery to embolize affected vessels; balloon cath. or coil

19
Q

Why is medical management alone not effective for mycosis?

A

it is not possible to get high enough concentrations of anti-fungals in the guttural pouch

20
Q

What are the characteristics of the causative organism in Strangles?

A

-Streptococcus equi spp. equi
-gram-pos. beta-hemolytic coccoid
-seen in pairs or chains
-not a commensal

21
Q

Which age range typically acquires Strangles?

A

horses ages 1 to 5 years old

22
Q

How is Strangles transmitted?

A

-direct contact
-fomites

23
Q

What are the sources of Strangles?

A

-asymptomatic carriers
-environment/water sources

24
Q

What are the virulence factors of Strangles?

A

-hyaluronic acid capsule
-M-like protein
-leukocidal toxin

25
Q

What is the incubation period and disease period of Strangles?

A

-incubation period of 3-14 days
-average course of disease of 23 days

26
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Strangles?

A

-organism enters through mouth or nose
-organism attaches to cells in the tonsillar crypts
-organism translocates to lymph nodes
-abscess formation
-hematogenous or lymphatic spread of organism possible

27
Q

What are the clinical signs of Strangles?

A

-fever
-malaise
-nasal discharge
-enlarged lymph nodes
-dysphagia
-resp. distress
-cough

28
Q

What are the clinical pathology findings with Strangles?

A

-neutrophilic leukocytosis
-hyperfibrinogenemia

29
Q

How is Strangles diagnosed?

A

-clinical signs
-culture
-PCR
-serology

30
Q

What are the treatment steps for horses exposed to Strangles, but without clinical signs?

A

-isolation
-monitor via temp. readings

31
Q

What are the treatment steps for horses with clinical signs of Strangles but no lymph node abscesses?

A

-penicillin for 3-5 days
-isolation
-monitoring

32
Q

What are the treatment steps for horses with Strangles and lymph node abscessation?

A

-penicillin to slow disease progression
-hot-packs on lymph nodes
-topical therapy

33
Q

What are the treatment steps for horses with systemic signs of Strangles?

A

-IV penicillin
-supportive care

34
Q

What are the characteristics of antibiotic use in Strangles treatment?

A

-used when diagnosis is made early
-contraindicated if lymph node abscessation is present
-used even with lymph node abscessation if patient has severe dyspnea, internal abscesses, bronchopneumonia, and/or is very depressed/anorexic

35
Q

What are possible sequelae of a Strangles infection?

A

-bastard strangles (spreads to lymph nodes throughout body)
-purpura hemorrhagica
-guttural pouch empyema and chondroids
-septicemia
-laryngeal hemiplegia
-suppurative necrotic bronchopneumonia

36
Q

What are the characteristics of horses that recover from Strangles?

A

-can shed bacteria for 3-7 weeks following resolution of acute disease
-75% will have solid immunity for 5+ years
-around 10% become subclinical carriers

37
Q

How is Strangles prevented?

A

vaccination in endemic areas or in animals at risk of exposure

38
Q

How does the killed strangles vx differ from the MLV?

A

killed:
-does not prevent disease
-injection site reactions possible
MLV:
-high level of immunity
-possibility of inducing mild disease
-forms abscess if it accidentally gets in the muscle

39
Q

How is strangles controlled?

A

-minimal movement of horses
-isolation for 3 weeks following exposure
-personal and premises hygiene
-screening of convalescent and recovered horses

-endoscopy and culture of guttural pouches