Lecture 11 10/18/24 Flashcards
Which cranial nerves pass through the guttural pouch?
-7
-9
-10
-11
-12
What is tympany?
excessive accumulation of air in one or both guttural pouches
What is empyema?
accumulation of purulent material in one or both guttural pouches
What is a chondroid?
accumulation of concretions; chronic condition
What is mycosis?
localized fungal colonization of one or both guttural pouches
What is the etiology of tympany?
congenital or acquired abnormality of the pharyngeal opening
What is the etiology of empyema?
primary or secondary upper respiratory infection
What is the etiology of mycosis?
fungal infection, such as Aspergillosis
What are the clinical signs of tympany?
-throat latch swelling
-dyspnea
What are the clinical signs of empyema?
-throat latch swelling
-unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge
-dyspnea
What are the clinical signs of mycosis?
-spontaneous epistaxis
-coughing
-dysphagia
-poor performance
-head tilt
How are guttural pouch diseases diagnosed?
-history/clinical signs
-physical exam
-radiography
-endoscopy
-centesis
What is the treatment for unilateral guttural pouch tympany?
fenestration of median septum
What is the treatment for bilateral guttural pouch tympany?
resection of the excessive plica salpingopharyngeal flap
What is the prognosis for tympany?
-uncomplicated cases have a favorable prognosis
-many will develop secondary bact. infections and require antibiotics
What is the treatment for empyema/chondroids?
-isolate animal until culture comes back
-aggressive lavage
-systemic antimicrobials
-endoscopic removal of chondroids
-surgical treatment if other management fails
What are the characteristics of mycosis presentation?
-emergency
-relatively uncommon
-must be ruled out in all horses with epistaxis
-no geographic, age, breed, or gender predisposition
What is the treatment for mycosis?
surgery to embolize affected vessels; balloon cath. or coil
Why is medical management alone not effective for mycosis?
it is not possible to get high enough concentrations of anti-fungals in the guttural pouch
What are the characteristics of the causative organism in Strangles?
-Streptococcus equi spp. equi
-gram-pos. beta-hemolytic coccoid
-seen in pairs or chains
-not a commensal
Which age range typically acquires Strangles?
horses ages 1 to 5 years old
How is Strangles transmitted?
-direct contact
-fomites
What are the sources of Strangles?
-asymptomatic carriers
-environment/water sources
What are the virulence factors of Strangles?
-hyaluronic acid capsule
-M-like protein
-leukocidal toxin
What is the incubation period and disease period of Strangles?
-incubation period of 3-14 days
-average course of disease of 23 days
What is the pathogenesis of Strangles?
-organism enters through mouth or nose
-organism attaches to cells in the tonsillar crypts
-organism translocates to lymph nodes
-abscess formation
-hematogenous or lymphatic spread of organism possible
What are the clinical signs of Strangles?
-fever
-malaise
-nasal discharge
-enlarged lymph nodes
-dysphagia
-resp. distress
-cough
What are the clinical pathology findings with Strangles?
-neutrophilic leukocytosis
-hyperfibrinogenemia
How is Strangles diagnosed?
-clinical signs
-culture
-PCR
-serology
What are the treatment steps for horses exposed to Strangles, but without clinical signs?
-isolation
-monitor via temp. readings
What are the treatment steps for horses with clinical signs of Strangles but no lymph node abscesses?
-penicillin for 3-5 days
-isolation
-monitoring
What are the treatment steps for horses with Strangles and lymph node abscessation?
-penicillin to slow disease progression
-hot-packs on lymph nodes
-topical therapy
What are the treatment steps for horses with systemic signs of Strangles?
-IV penicillin
-supportive care
What are the characteristics of antibiotic use in Strangles treatment?
-used when diagnosis is made early
-contraindicated if lymph node abscessation is present
-used even with lymph node abscessation if patient has severe dyspnea, internal abscesses, bronchopneumonia, and/or is very depressed/anorexic
What are possible sequelae of a Strangles infection?
-bastard strangles (spreads to lymph nodes throughout body)
-purpura hemorrhagica
-guttural pouch empyema and chondroids
-septicemia
-laryngeal hemiplegia
-suppurative necrotic bronchopneumonia
What are the characteristics of horses that recover from Strangles?
-can shed bacteria for 3-7 weeks following resolution of acute disease
-75% will have solid immunity for 5+ years
-around 10% become subclinical carriers
How is Strangles prevented?
vaccination in endemic areas or in animals at risk of exposure
How does the killed strangles vx differ from the MLV?
killed:
-does not prevent disease
-injection site reactions possible
MLV:
-high level of immunity
-possibility of inducing mild disease
-forms abscess if it accidentally gets in the muscle
How is strangles controlled?
-minimal movement of horses
-isolation for 3 weeks following exposure
-personal and premises hygiene
-screening of convalescent and recovered horses
-endoscopy and culture of guttural pouches
