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Physiology III > Lecture 6: Female Reproductive Physiology: Factors modulating female cyclicity > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Female Reproductive Physiology: Factors modulating female cyclicity Flashcards

1
Q

What is puerperium

A

Uterine recovery time

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2
Q

Mares have a ___puerperium and therefore ___probability of conception at the first postpartum estrus

A

Short, good

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3
Q

what is gestation period for horses

A

330-345

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4
Q

When does the estrus cycle start after foaling

A

5-8 days after foaling

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5
Q

When does ovulation occur after foaling

A

10 days

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6
Q

To breed horses yearly, breeders must take advantage of ____

A

Foal heat

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7
Q

What happens if you breed mare on 2nd heat

A

Mare will eventually miss a year of breeding when the season comes too late

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8
Q

Foal heat: ___ + ___

A

345 +7= 352 < a year

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9
Q

2nd heat= ___ + ___

A

345 +28= 373 > a year

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10
Q

What regulates female reproduction cyclicity

A

Hypothalamus

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11
Q

What are the external modulators factors that influence the timing of cyclicity in the female

A

Photoperiod/season
Lactation
Social factors/phermones
Nutrition
Age

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12
Q

What is polyestrous and what species fall under this category

A

Year round breeders
Cow, sow, humans

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13
Q

What is seasonally polyestrous and what species fall under this category

A

Several estrous cycles followed by an anestrous
Horse, cat, sheep, goat

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14
Q

What is monoestrous and what species fall under this category

A

One estrous cycle followed by a prolonged anestrous

Dog, wolf, bear

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15
Q

Anestrous is characterized by low ___ release and low ____ activity

A

Low estrogen and reproductive activity

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16
Q

What are long day breeders and what species fall under this category

A

Breed when days get longer

Mares and queens

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17
Q

When do mares typically breed

A

March-October

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18
Q

When do queens typically breed

A

January-October

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19
Q

What are short day breeders and what species fall under this category

A

Breed when days get shorter
Sheep, goats, dear, and elk

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20
Q

When do sheep and goats typically breed

A

July-February

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21
Q

__is the primary controller of reproductive cycles

A

Light

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22
Q

___sensitives the HPG axis by releasing GnRH

A

Light

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23
Q

What are some other factors besides light that trigger the HPG axis

A

Sexual stimuli- phermones, sound, visual

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24
Q

In females ___is the main modulator of female ovarian cycle

A

Light

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25
Q

What additional factors influence the female ovarian cycle

A

Lactation, nutrition, social condition, age

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26
Q

The pineal gland releases ___in response to darkness

A

Melatonin

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27
Q

Light stimulates the retina and activates _____ through ____ tract

A

Hypothalamic suprachiasmastic nucelus (SCN) through the retinal hypothalamic tract

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28
Q

What inhibits the pineal gland to decrease melatonin

A

SCN

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29
Q

SCN inhibits the pineal gland to decrease melatonin to alter the timing of what 2 things

A
  1. Day-night activity
  2. Seasonal breeding activity
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30
Q

Describe the role of light in reproductive timing of long day breeders

A
  1. Melatonin excites RFamide-related peptide (RFRP-3) neurons
  2. RFRP-3 neurons activate kisspeptin in hypothalamus
  3. Kisspeptin stimulates GnRH neurons
31
Q

Describe the role of light in reproductive timing of short day breeders

A
  1. Melatonin excites RFamide-related peptide 3 (RFRP-3) neurons
  2. RFRP-3 neurons inhibit kisspeptin
  3. Therefore, inhibiting release of GnRH
32
Q

Clinical Correlation: Mare on foal heat day 7, was not bred, 40 days have passed and no estrus, no response to teasing by stallion.

Small, constricted cervix with considerable tone but quiescent, normal ovaries, one with large 35mm follicles

What is likely cause?
What test can be run?
Treatment?

A

Persistent corpus luteum, follicles > 30mm

Test: serum progesterone 1-2 ng/mL (peak cycle progesterone= 3 ng/mL)

Treatment: administer PGF2alpha monitor for estrus in 5-7 days

33
Q

Clinical correlation: foal heat 7 days after birth, was not bed, 40 days have passed and no estrus, no response to teasing by stallion.

Small cervix that is not closed or tight. Uterus is small and flaccid, inactive ovaries with no follicles > 10mm

What is the likely cause?
Test?
Treatments?

A

Mare is in anestrus, mares that foal early can be adversely affected by the short photoperiod and become anestrus

Test: serum estrogen and progesterone= low

Treatment #1: artificial manipulation of photoperiod

Treatment #2: breed on the foal heat to avoid the odds that the mare foaling early in the year will re-enter anestrus during the foal heat ovulation

34
Q

How does phototrophic stimulation in mares work

A

Artificial lighting provided for ~60 days can induce early breeding

Stimulates return to estrus

35
Q

How does seasonality affect age and puberty ex: lambs

A

Spring born lambs come into puberty at a younger age than their fall born flock mates

Due to increase day length

36
Q

Do gilts in small or large herds enter puberty later

A

Gilts in small herds enter later than in large groups

37
Q

Gilts exposed to a boar even in small groups will reach puberty ____

A

Earlier

38
Q

How does lactation affect ovulation in sows

A

Complete inhibition of ovulation

39
Q

How does lactation affect ovulation in cats, beef cows, primates

A

Partial suppression of ovulation

40
Q

Suckling inhibits ___ which releases ___

A

Dopamine, prolactin

41
Q

When dopamine is suppressed, lactrotrophs release prolactin, prolactin inhibits ____ synthesis

A

GnRH

42
Q

Describe the suckling/lactaiton signaling

A
  1. Stimulus from suckling signals to hypothalamus
  2. Inhibit dopamine release from arcurate nucleus
  3. Decreased dopamine release removes inhibition that is usually put on lactrotrophs in anterior pituitary, leading to prolactin release
  4. Prolactin stimulates milk production in the breast
  5. Oxytocin is also released from PVN and SON. Travels to breast and myoepithelial cells
  6. Neurons inhibit arcurate and preoptic area, these decreasing GNRH production.
  7. Reduced stimulation of gonadotrophs inhibits ovarian cycle
43
Q

Suckling in cows: when the number of suckling sessions is between 3-20/day the amplitude and pulse frequency of blood ___ are low and cow remains in ____

A

LH, anestrus

44
Q

Suckling in cows: when the number of suckling sessions is limited to two or less per day the amplitude and pulse frequency of ___ increases and cow will begin to cycle

A

LH

45
Q

How does body weight effect ovulation

A

Low body weight can delay ovulation to end of winter

46
Q

____ body weight and percent fat are associated with greater reproductive activity

A

Higher

47
Q

Animals with better body composition can achieve a ____ pregnancy rate

A

Higher

48
Q

What do insulin and leptin do to appetite

A

Suppress

49
Q

What does gherlin do to appetite

A

Stimulate

50
Q

What hormone signals steroidogenesis

A

growth hormone-IGF-1

51
Q

What hormone induces steroidogenesis

A

Thyroid hormone

52
Q

Blood glucose levels are detected in the ___

A

Hypothalamus

53
Q

Leptin is released by ___ in response to increase in ___ volume

A

Adipocytes and adipocyte

54
Q

Release of leptin is proportional to the amount of ___

A

Energy stored

55
Q

Leptin targets __ neurons in hypothalamus

A

Kisspeptin

56
Q

Leptin targeting kisspeptin neurons in hypothalamus affects release of ____ from the ____

A

GnRH from the preoptic nucleus

57
Q

Fasting in heifers is associated with ___leptin and ___LH pulse frequency

A

Low leptin and lower LH pulse frequency

58
Q

Food deprived mice show ___estrus which is reversible by ___ treatment

A

Delayed estrus, leptin treatment

59
Q

Leptin experimentally administered to young mice ____entry to puberty

A

Accelerates

60
Q

___ stimulates pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons in the arcurate nucleus

A

Leptin

61
Q

POMC neurons regulate…

A

Appetite, metabolism and body weight

62
Q

What does 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) experimentally induce

A

Starvation

63
Q

What happens to LH levels in sheep after administered 2-DG

A

LH disappears

64
Q

To maintain a yearly calving interval, cows must become pregnant by ___ days after calving

A

80-85 days

65
Q

In first lactation trimester, energy requirement for milk productions ____ energy intake

A

Exceeds

66
Q

Milk production in cows peaks at weeks ___

A

4-6

67
Q

Feed intake in lactating cows peaks at weeks ___

A

9-11

68
Q

What is flushing

A

Management term for providing high quality feeds, usually grains prior to the start of the breeding to increase reproductive performance

69
Q

Increase in energy and/or protein will ___ incidence of ovulation

A

Increase

70
Q

Increase in energy and/or protein intake can produce and release multiple ___ in small ruminants and sows

A

Eggs

71
Q

How is fertility reduced in old age

A

Reduced follicle number, cessation of live births, irregular cycles, increased cycle length, increased inter birth interval

72
Q

Ovarian exhaustion of the follicle is ___ of reproductive senescence

A

Pacemaker

73
Q

How are estrogen, gonadotropin/LH and FSH levels affected in older females

A

Reduced estrogen
LH levels insufficient to trigger ovulation
Elevated FSH due to fever follicles

74
Q

During old age is the estrus cycle shorter or longer

A

Shorter

Physiology III (34 decks)

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