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Physiology III > Lecture 4: Female Reproductive Physiology: The follicular phase > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Female Reproductive Physiology: The follicular phase Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of progesterone in follicular waves

A

Corpus luteum

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2
Q

Which cells are most sensitive to FSH and why?

A

Larger follicles with more FSH receptors

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3
Q

Does FSH and estradiol increase or decrease during recruitment

A

Both increase

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4
Q

Does FSH, estradiol, and inhibin increase or decrease during selection

A

FSH- decreases
Estradiol and inhibin increase

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5
Q

Does FSH, estradiol and inhibin increase or decrease during dominance phase

A

FSH- decreases
Estradiol and inhibin increase

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6
Q

Does FSH, estradiol and inhibin increase or decrease during atresia

A

FSH- increases
Estradiol and inhibin decrease

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7
Q

What stimulates follicle recruitment

A

FSH

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8
Q

What determines follicle selection

A

Number of FSH receptors

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9
Q

During selection ___decreases FSH

A

Inhibin

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10
Q

The dominant follicle will require ____ for ovulation

A

LH surge

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11
Q

What inhibits the LH surge

A

Progesterone

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12
Q

How will high progesterone impact GnRH/LH levels and what is the result

A

Will cause insufficient GnRH/LH thus inhibiting ovulation

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13
Q

When does the dominant follicle become if progesterone is high vs low

A

High progesterone- follicle becomes atretic
Low progesterone- LH surge and ovulation

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14
Q

What prevents the dominant follicle from ovulating

A

CL luteum releases progesterone which acts as negative feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

Follicle releases inhibin which acts as negative feedback on anterior pituitary and also releases estradiol which acts as negative feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

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15
Q

How does the feedback loop change after luteolysis

A

Changes from negative to positive feedback of estradiol, stimulate LH surge and then that stimulates ovulation

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16
Q

Ovulation corresponds to the events in the ___ cycle

A

Estrous

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17
Q

What is proestrus

A

Formation of ovulatory follicles and estradiol secretion

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18
Q

What stage of the estrus cycle does estrogen secretion peak

A

Estrus

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19
Q

At what stage in the estrous cycle does the CL form and secrete progesterone

A

Metestrus

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20
Q

At what phase in the ovarian cycle is there a sustained luteal secretion of progesterone, CL functioning optimally

A

Diestrus

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21
Q

Wha is anestrus

A

Sustained period when cyclicity stops stops—> pregnancy, nursing, season, inadequate nutrition, migration, stress, disease

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22
Q

What is the total # of days in queen estrus cycle

A

18 days

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23
Q

How many days is the proestrus period in the queen

A

8-10 days

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24
Q

How long is the estrus period in the queen and when does ovulation occur

A

Estrus- 9 days long
Ovulation: 27hr after mating

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25
Q

When does Metestrus and diestrus occur occur in the queen

A

No diestrus/metetrous

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26
Q

How long could a pseudo pregnancy in a queen last

A

42 days

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27
Q

How long is anestrus period in the queen

A

3-4 months

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28
Q

How long is gestation in the queen

A

60 days

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29
Q

What is the seasonal timing of the estrous cycle for queens

A

January-October

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30
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in the bitch

A

5.5-6.5 months

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31
Q

How long is the proestrus period in the bitch

A

9 days

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32
Q

How long is the estrus period in the bitch and when does ovulation occur

A

Estrus: 9 days
Ovulation on day 2 of estrus

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33
Q

How long is diestrus occur in the bitch

A

6-10 weeks in non-pregnant bitch

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34
Q

How long is pseudo pregnancy in the bitch

A

60-90 days after estrus

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35
Q

How long is anestrus in the bitch

A

2-9 months

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36
Q

How long is gestation in the bitch

A

63 days

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37
Q

What is the timing of the seasonal estrus cycle in the bitch

A

Generally non-seasonal with a spike in the spring

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38
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in the mare

A

21 days

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39
Q

How long is the proestrus period in the mare

A

2-3 days

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40
Q

How long is the estrous period in the mare and when does ovulation occur

A

Estrus: 4-8 days
Ovulation: 24hrs before end of estrus

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41
Q

How long is the metetrous period in the mare

A

2-3 days

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42
Q

How long is the diestrus period in the mare

A

10-12 days

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43
Q

How long is the gestation period in the mare

A

336 days

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44
Q

What is the timing of the seasonal estrous cycle in the mare

A

March-October

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45
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in the cow

A

21 days

46
Q

How long is the proestrus period in the cow

A

3-4 days

47
Q

How long is the estrous period duration in the cow and when does ovulation occur

A

Estrous: 12-18 hours
Ovulation occurs 10-14 hours after end of estrus

48
Q

How long is the metetrous period in the cow

A

3-4 days

49
Q

How long is the diestrus period in the cow

A

10-14 days

50
Q

How long is gestation in the cow

A

282 days

51
Q

What is the timing of the seasonal estrous cycle in the cow

A

Year long

52
Q

How long is the estrous cycle in the sow

A

21 days

53
Q

How long is the proestrus period in the sow

A

3-4 days

54
Q

How long is the estrous period in the sow and when does ovulation occur

A

Estrous- 2-3 days
Ovulation- 2nd day of estrus

55
Q

How long is metetrous period in the sow

A

2-3 days

56
Q

How long is the diestrus period in the sow

A

11-13 days

57
Q

How long is gestation in the sow

A

114 days

58
Q

What is the timing of the seasonal estrous cycle in the sow

A

Year round

59
Q

Describe the appear and behavior of the bitch during the proestrus period

A

Vulva swollen, caused by increasing estrogen, bloody discharge from uterus
Attracted to make but not not mate, flirts with males

60
Q

At what stage of the estrous cycle does the bitch accept males and has straw colored discharge from vulva

A

Estrus

61
Q

At what stage in the estrous cycle of the bitch is there an extended CL phase or false pregnancy up to 90 days, if pregnancy last 63 days

A

Metestrus or diestrus

62
Q

What is the primary hormone released during anestrus in the bitch

A

FSH

63
Q

What is the primary hormone released during proestrus in the bitch

A

Estradiol

64
Q

What are the hormones released during estrus in the bitch

A

LH surge and start the increasing levels of progesterone

65
Q

What are the hormones released during metetrus I in the bitch

A

Progesterone, some estradiol but decreased compared to estrus

66
Q

What hormones are released during metetrus II in the bitch

A

Progesterone, but decreasing and prolactin

67
Q

What does prolactin do

A

Prolonged diestrus, can result in pseudo pregnancy

68
Q

What are some behavioral changes in the queen during proestrus

A

Attracted to males, rubs head and neck on objects, vocalization, posturing, rolling

69
Q

What is the behavior of queen during estrus

A

Accepts males, affectionate to aggressive towards owners

70
Q

T or F: if no mating occurs in the queen then there is no CL and therefore no diestrus

A

True

71
Q

What happens if mating occur in the queen

A

CL induces progesterone release

72
Q

What are the hormones present in queen in estrus with no mating

A

Estradiol

73
Q

What hormones are present in queen in estrus who mated

A

Estradiol and then once mating occurs, progesterone is released to maintain pregnancy

74
Q

Mating in the queen causes neural signal to hypothalamus to release what hormone

A

GnRH

75
Q

GnRH release from the queen will result in ____surge and then ___

A

LH surge and then ovulation

76
Q

How often does ovulation occur in rats

A

Every 4-5 days

77
Q

Mating in rats induces ___ release which maintains ___ for 1-2 days

A

Prolactin which maintains CL

78
Q

If the rats become pregnant the ___ takes over the maintenance of the CL. If pregnancy fails the ___ degenerates and cycle restarts

A

Placenta, CL

79
Q

What are some behavioral signs of estrus in the mare

A

Tail raised, squats, frequent urination, everts vulvar lips to expose clitoris and ultimately tolerates copulation

80
Q

How long is the CL lifespan in diestrus in the mare

A

12-15 days

81
Q

What are some behavioral signs of a mare in diestrus

A

Squeal, bites, kicks, rejects stallion

82
Q

What hormones are released during mating receptive period in the mare

A

Estrogen and then LH surge to induce ovulation

83
Q

What hormone is released to develop and maintain CL

A

Progesterone

84
Q

What hormone is released to trigger decline in CL

A

PGFalpha

85
Q

What estrous cycle in the cows occurs when the previous CL has regressed, preovulatory follicles enlarge and estradiol increases

A

Proestrus

86
Q

What are some behaviors of the cows during proestrus

A

Bulls are attracted to females, but females do not breed. Females will mount other estrus females

87
Q

During what phase of estrous cycle will female stand and be mounted by a bull

A

Estrus

88
Q

During what phase of estrous in the cow is there clear mucous discharge from vulva

A

Estrus

89
Q

Cows that come into estrus in the morning can be bred as soon as ___

A

That afternoon

90
Q

Cows that come into heat in the afternoon can be bred as soon as

A

Next morning

91
Q

What phase of the estrous cycle does the cow experience post ovulatory bleeding from vulva

A

Metetrous

92
Q

T or F: post ovulatory bleeding from the vulva does not affect the breeding if previously inseminated

A

True, only reduces fertility if breeding attempted during bleeding

93
Q

What is the CL lifespan in cow in diestrus

A

12-15 days

94
Q

What terminates the CL in the cow

A

PGF-2alpha

95
Q

What hormones are released during estrus in cow

A

FSH

96
Q

what hormones are released during metetrous in cow

A

Estradiol but declining, FSH

97
Q

What hormones are released during diestrus in cow

A

Progesterone, spikes of LH and some FSH, PGF2alpha

98
Q

What hormones are released during proestrous phase in cattle

A

Some PGF2alpa, LH surge leading into estrus/ovulation

99
Q

What are the 3 time periods in which the HPG axis is activated

A
  1. Fetal development
  2. Ovarian cycles during adulthood
  3. Puberty
100
Q

During adolescence pre-puberty there is a strong ___feedback on the HPG axis

A

Negative

101
Q

At puberty the negative feedback is reduced resulting in more ____ pulses of a higher amplitude

A

GnRH

102
Q

GnRH pulses cause release of ___

A

Gonadotropins- LH and FSH

103
Q

Stimulation of gonadal tissue to increase ___synthesis and secretion

A

Steroid

104
Q

Negative feedback on HPG is maintained by what hormone

A

Estrogen

105
Q

Describe how pulsatile injection of LH into immature sheep causes ovulation- feedback loop

A

Hypothalamus—> GnRH—> anterior pituitary—-> LH administration—> FSH and LH—> ovary—> ovulation—> estrogen

106
Q

Describe how an ovariectomy in immature sheep cause spontaneous LH pulses

A

Hypothalamus—> GnRH—> anterior pituitary—> frequency LH pulses, FSH, LH—> no ovaries therefore no feedback

107
Q

Describe the effect of estradiol administration in pre-puberty ovariectomized sheep

A

Estrogen administration, estrogen acts in negative feedback

108
Q

Describe effect of estradiol administration in post-puberty ovariectomized sheep

A

Positive feedback of estrogen

109
Q

First LH surge is not proceeded by ___phase

A

Luteal

110
Q

Second LH surge in the first ovulation is ___ because not associated with estrous behavior

A

Silent

111
Q

After silent ovulation in first estrous cycle what hormone is produced by first CL

A

Progesterone

112
Q

The initial pulse of progesterone causes ___of tissue allowing the body to become more sensitive to estrogen

A

Progesterone priming

Physiology III (34 decks)

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