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Physiology III > Lecture 4: Female Reproductive Physiology: The follicular phase > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Female Reproductive Physiology: The follicular phase Flashcards

1
Q

What is the source of progesterone in follicular waves

A

Corpus luteum

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2
Q

Which cells are most sensitive to FSH and why?

A

Larger follicles with more FSH receptors

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3
Q

Does FSH and estradiol increase or decrease during recruitment

A

Both increase

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4
Q

Does FSH, estradiol, and inhibin increase or decrease during selection

A

FSH- decreases
Estradiol and inhibin increase

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5
Q

Does FSH, estradiol and inhibin increase or decrease during dominance phase

A

FSH- decreases
Estradiol and inhibin increase

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6
Q

Does FSH, estradiol and inhibin increase or decrease during atresia

A

FSH- increases
Estradiol and inhibin decrease

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7
Q

What stimulates follicle recruitment

A

FSH

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8
Q

What determines follicle selection

A

Number of FSH receptors

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9
Q

During selection ___decreases FSH

A

Inhibin

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10
Q

The dominant follicle will require ____ for ovulation

A

LH surge

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11
Q

What inhibits the LH surge

A

Progesterone

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12
Q

How will high progesterone impact GnRH/LH levels and what is the result

A

Will cause insufficient GnRH/LH thus inhibiting ovulation

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13
Q

When does the dominant follicle become if progesterone is high vs low

A

High progesterone- follicle becomes atretic
Low progesterone- LH surge and ovulation

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14
Q

What prevents the dominant follicle from ovulating

A

CL luteum releases progesterone which acts as negative feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

Follicle releases inhibin which acts as negative feedback on anterior pituitary and also releases estradiol which acts as negative feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus

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15
Q

How does the feedback loop change after luteolysis

A

Changes from negative to positive feedback of estradiol, stimulate LH surge and then that stimulates ovulation

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16
Q

Ovulation corresponds to the events in the ___ cycle

A

Estrous

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17
Q

What is proestrus

A

Formation of ovulatory follicles and estradiol secretion

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18
Q

What stage of the estrus cycle does estrogen secretion peak

A

Estrus

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19
Q

At what stage in the estrous cycle does the CL form and secrete progesterone

A

Metestrus

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20
Q

At what phase in the ovarian cycle is there a sustained luteal secretion of progesterone, CL functioning optimally

A

Diestrus

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21
Q

Wha is anestrus

A

Sustained period when cyclicity stops stops—> pregnancy, nursing, season, inadequate nutrition, migration, stress, disease

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22
Q

What is the total # of days in queen estrus cycle

A

18 days

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23
Q

How many days is the proestrus period in the queen

A

8-10 days

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24
Q

How long is the estrus period in the queen and when does ovulation occur

A

Estrus- 9 days long
Ovulation: 27hr after mating

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25
When does Metestrus and diestrus occur occur in the queen
No diestrus/metetrous
26
How long could a pseudo pregnancy in a queen last
42 days
27
How long is anestrus period in the queen
3-4 months
28
How long is gestation in the queen
60 days
29
What is the seasonal timing of the estrous cycle for queens
January-October
30
How long is the estrous cycle in the bitch
5.5-6.5 months
31
How long is the proestrus period in the bitch
9 days
32
How long is the estrus period in the bitch and when does ovulation occur
Estrus: 9 days Ovulation on day 2 of estrus
33
How long is diestrus occur in the bitch
6-10 weeks in non-pregnant bitch
34
How long is pseudo pregnancy in the bitch
60-90 days after estrus
35
How long is anestrus in the bitch
2-9 months
36
How long is gestation in the bitch
63 days
37
What is the timing of the seasonal estrus cycle in the bitch
Generally non-seasonal with a spike in the spring
38
How long is the estrous cycle in the mare
21 days
39
How long is the proestrus period in the mare
2-3 days
40
How long is the estrous period in the mare and when does ovulation occur
Estrus: 4-8 days Ovulation: 24hrs before end of estrus
41
How long is the metetrous period in the mare
2-3 days
42
How long is the diestrus period in the mare
10-12 days
43
How long is the gestation period in the mare
336 days
44
What is the timing of the seasonal estrous cycle in the mare
March-October
45
How long is the estrous cycle in the cow
21 days
46
How long is the proestrus period in the cow
3-4 days
47
How long is the estrous period duration in the cow and when does ovulation occur
Estrous: 12-18 hours Ovulation occurs 10-14 hours after end of estrus
48
How long is the metetrous period in the cow
3-4 days
49
How long is the diestrus period in the cow
10-14 days
50
How long is gestation in the cow
282 days
51
What is the timing of the seasonal estrous cycle in the cow
Year long
52
How long is the estrous cycle in the sow
21 days
53
How long is the proestrus period in the sow
3-4 days
54
How long is the estrous period in the sow and when does ovulation occur
Estrous- 2-3 days Ovulation- 2nd day of estrus
55
How long is metetrous period in the sow
2-3 days
56
How long is the diestrus period in the sow
11-13 days
57
How long is gestation in the sow
114 days
58
What is the timing of the seasonal estrous cycle in the sow
Year round
59
Describe the appear and behavior of the bitch during the proestrus period
Vulva swollen, caused by increasing estrogen, bloody discharge from uterus Attracted to make but not not mate, flirts with males
60
At what stage of the estrous cycle does the bitch accept males and has straw colored discharge from vulva
Estrus
61
At what stage in the estrous cycle of the bitch is there an extended CL phase or false pregnancy up to 90 days, if pregnancy last 63 days
Metestrus or diestrus
62
What is the primary hormone released during anestrus in the bitch
FSH
63
What is the primary hormone released during proestrus in the bitch
Estradiol
64
What are the hormones released during estrus in the bitch
LH surge and start the increasing levels of progesterone
65
What are the hormones released during metetrus I in the bitch
Progesterone, some estradiol but decreased compared to estrus
66
What hormones are released during metetrus II in the bitch
Progesterone, but decreasing and prolactin
67
What does prolactin do
Prolonged diestrus, can result in pseudo pregnancy
68
What are some behavioral changes in the queen during proestrus
Attracted to males, rubs head and neck on objects, vocalization, posturing, rolling
69
What is the behavior of queen during estrus
Accepts males, affectionate to aggressive towards owners
70
T or F: if no mating occurs in the queen then there is no CL and therefore no diestrus
True
71
What happens if mating occur in the queen
CL induces progesterone release
72
What are the hormones present in queen in estrus with no mating
Estradiol
73
What hormones are present in queen in estrus who mated
Estradiol and then once mating occurs, progesterone is released to maintain pregnancy
74
Mating in the queen causes neural signal to hypothalamus to release what hormone
GnRH
75
GnRH release from the queen will result in ____surge and then ___
LH surge and then ovulation
76
How often does ovulation occur in rats
Every 4-5 days
77
Mating in rats induces ___ release which maintains ___ for 1-2 days
Prolactin which maintains CL
78
If the rats become pregnant the ___ takes over the maintenance of the CL. If pregnancy fails the ___ degenerates and cycle restarts
Placenta, CL
79
What are some behavioral signs of estrus in the mare
Tail raised, squats, frequent urination, everts vulvar lips to expose clitoris and ultimately tolerates copulation
80
How long is the CL lifespan in diestrus in the mare
12-15 days
81
What are some behavioral signs of a mare in diestrus
Squeal, bites, kicks, rejects stallion
82
What hormones are released during mating receptive period in the mare
Estrogen and then LH surge to induce ovulation
83
What hormone is released to develop and maintain CL
Progesterone
84
What hormone is released to trigger decline in CL
PGFalpha
85
What estrous cycle in the cows occurs when the previous CL has regressed, preovulatory follicles enlarge and estradiol increases
Proestrus
86
What are some behaviors of the cows during proestrus
Bulls are attracted to females, but females do not breed. Females will mount other estrus females
87
During what phase of estrous cycle will female stand and be mounted by a bull
Estrus
88
During what phase of estrous in the cow is there clear mucous discharge from vulva
Estrus
89
Cows that come into estrus in the morning can be bred as soon as ___
That afternoon
90
Cows that come into heat in the afternoon can be bred as soon as
Next morning
91
What phase of the estrous cycle does the cow experience post ovulatory bleeding from vulva
Metetrous
92
T or F: post ovulatory bleeding from the vulva does not affect the breeding if previously inseminated
True, only reduces fertility if breeding attempted during bleeding
93
What is the CL lifespan in cow in diestrus
12-15 days
94
What terminates the CL in the cow
PGF-2alpha
95
What hormones are released during estrus in cow
FSH
96
what hormones are released during metetrous in cow
Estradiol but declining, FSH
97
What hormones are released during diestrus in cow
Progesterone, spikes of LH and some FSH, PGF2alpha
98
What hormones are released during proestrous phase in cattle
Some PGF2alpa, LH surge leading into estrus/ovulation
99
What are the 3 time periods in which the HPG axis is activated
1. Fetal development 2. Ovarian cycles during adulthood 3. Puberty
100
During adolescence pre-puberty there is a strong ___feedback on the HPG axis
Negative
101
At puberty the negative feedback is reduced resulting in more ____ pulses of a higher amplitude
GnRH
102
GnRH pulses cause release of ___
Gonadotropins- LH and FSH
103
Stimulation of gonadal tissue to increase ___synthesis and secretion
Steroid
104
Negative feedback on HPG is maintained by what hormone
Estrogen
105
Describe how pulsatile injection of LH into immature sheep causes ovulation- feedback loop
Hypothalamus—> GnRH—> anterior pituitary—-> LH administration—> FSH and LH—> ovary—> ovulation—> estrogen
106
Describe how an ovariectomy in immature sheep cause spontaneous LH pulses
Hypothalamus—> GnRH—> anterior pituitary—> frequency LH pulses, FSH, LH—> no ovaries therefore no feedback
107
Describe the effect of estradiol administration in pre-puberty ovariectomized sheep
Estrogen administration, estrogen acts in negative feedback
108
Describe effect of estradiol administration in post-puberty ovariectomized sheep
Positive feedback of estrogen
109
First LH surge is not proceeded by ___phase
Luteal
110
Second LH surge in the first ovulation is ___ because not associated with estrous behavior
Silent
111
After silent ovulation in first estrous cycle what hormone is produced by first CL
Progesterone
112
The initial pulse of progesterone causes ___of tissue allowing the body to become more sensitive to estrogen
Progesterone priming

Physiology III (34 decks)

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