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Physiology III > Lecture 22: Neuroendocrine Control > Flashcards

Lecture 22: Neuroendocrine Control Flashcards

1
Q

What is the intrinsic nervous system

A

Enteric nervous system

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2
Q

ENS samples gut content through ___

A

Receptors

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3
Q

Efferent ENS neurons innervate what

A

Smooth muscle, secretory and absorptive cells

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4
Q

Macronutrients are sensed by receptors expressed in enteroendocrine cells. Enteroendocrine cells possess ___ extending into the gut lumen coming into direct contact with macronutrients

A

Microvilli

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5
Q

Afferent neurons of the ENS are ___neurons

A

Cholinergic

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6
Q

Afferent nervousness innervate ___ and ___

A

Mucosa and muscle

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7
Q

Efferent excitatory neurons release what

A

ACh, Substance P

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8
Q

What do excitatory neurons do to longitudinal/sphincter smooth muscle and secretions

A

Contract longitudinal/sphincter smooth muscle and stimulate secretions

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9
Q

What do inhibitory neurons secrete

A

NO, VIP, and ATP

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10
Q

What do inhibitory neurons do to smooth muscle cells, secretion and do they vasodilate or constrict

A

Inhibit smooth muscle cells, stimulate secretions, and cause vasodilation

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11
Q

What does the myenteric plexus innervate

A

Longitudinal and circular muscle

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12
Q

What is the myenteric plexus in control of

A

Gut movements

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13
Q

What does the submucosal plexus innervate

A

Glandular epithelium, intestinal endocrine cells, and submucosal blood vessels

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14
Q

What is the submucosal plexus in control of

A

Intestinal secretions

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15
Q

___help to integrate extrinsic and intrinsic input and communicate between myenteric and submucosal plexus

A

Interneurons

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16
Q

Enteric interneurons establish ___patterns by inhibiting effector neurons in alternating segments

A

Segmentation

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17
Q

What is ileus

A

Hypomotility or amotility of GI tract in absence of obstruction

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18
Q

What are the 3 categories of mechanisms that can cause ileus

A
  1. Neurogenic
  2. Inflammatory
  3. Pharmacological
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19
Q

What do opioids do to GI motility and how

A

Bind u2 receptors in myenteric plexus causing hypomotility

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20
Q

What is the extrinsic NS

A

Autonomic- SNS and PNS

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21
Q

Who as the dominant control over the enteric NS the PNS or SNS

A

PNS

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22
Q

What is the main function of the PNS in the ENS

A

Promote digestion

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23
Q

What is the main function of the SNS in ENS

A

Inhibit digestion and recover fluid volume

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24
Q

ENS can operate without input from CNS in ___animals and why

A

Monogastric, can’t in ruminants because poor fermentation

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25
Q

Describe the pathway and feedback of low pH stimulating bicarbonate release

A
  1. Low pH in duodenum
  2. S cells in duodenum secrete secretin
  3. Target organ: pancreas
  4. Bicarbonate release
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26
Q

What do G cells release and where are they located

A

Release gastrin
Located in the pyloric antrum and duodenum

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27
Q

What is the release stimuli for gastrin

A

Anticipation of food, stomach distention, presence of proteins/peptides in stomach

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28
Q

What inhibits gastrin release

A

HCl, somatostatin, secretin and GIP

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29
Q

Gastrin stimulates ___pump activity of __ cells

A

H/K ATPase pump activity of parietal cells

30
Q

Gastrin stimulates the release of ___ from ECL cells

A

Histamine

31
Q

Histamine stimulates ___mediated insertion of H/K ATPase pumps into parietal cells

A

CAMP

32
Q

What do D cells secrete and where are they located

A

Secrete somatostain and are located in the stomach, pancreas and hypothalamus

33
Q

What is the release stimuli for somatostatins

A

Low pH, CCK

34
Q

What is direct function of somatostatin

A

Inhibiting AC of parietal cells and antagonize stimulatory effect of histamine

35
Q

What is the indirect effect of somatostatin

A

Inhibiting G cells, ECL cells, and parietal cells

36
Q

Somatostatin is blocked by ___ stimulation during ___ and ___ phase

A

Vagal, cephalic and gastric

37
Q

During __phase somatostatin release is stimulated by low __ ins to ACh and by __

A

Intestinal phase, pH, and CCK

38
Q

Somatostatin inhibits ___secretion

A

Gastric acid

39
Q

Somatostatin inhibits ___ and ___ cells

A

G cells and E cells

40
Q

What do S cells secrete and where are they located

A

Secretin in the crypts of Lieberkuhn in duodenum

41
Q

What is the release stimuli for secretin

A

Entry of fat and acid into duodenum

42
Q

What is the function of secretin

A
  1. PH regulation by promoting bicarbonate release
  2. Reduce gastrin secretions by blocking G cells
43
Q

What do I cells secrete and where are they located

A

Secrete CCK and are located in duodenal and jejunal mucosa and neurons in ileum and colon

44
Q

What is the release stimuli for CCK

A

Presence of fatty acids, amino acids, and peptides in chyme entering duodenum

45
Q

What inhibits CCK

A

Somatostatin

46
Q

What is the function of CCK

A
  1. Enzyme secretion from pancreas
  2. Contraction of gallbladder to release bile
  3. Activation of D cells- somatostatin
47
Q

What do K cells secrete and where are they located

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) in the duodenal and jejunal mucosa

48
Q

What is the release stimuli for GIP

A

Presence of glucose and fatty acids in chyme entering duodenum

49
Q

T or F: glucose injected into blood will increase GIP activity

A

False only glucose in small intestines increase GIP

50
Q

What is the function of GIP

A
  1. Inhibit parietal cells
  2. Increase insulin release
51
Q

What do M cells secrete and where are they located

A

Motilin located in duodenal and jejunal mucosa

52
Q

What is the release stimulus for motilin

A

Increasing pH in duodenum

53
Q

What is the function of molitin

A
  1. Increase gastric emptying during interdigestive migrating motility complex, MMC
  2. Increase somatostatin release from pancnreas
54
Q

Erythromycin is a __receptor agonist

A

Motilin

55
Q

What is erythromycin use for

A

Enhance gastric emptying and intra-digestive migratory motor complex

56
Q

What acts on the salivary glands during cephalic phase

A

PNS stimulation of Acinar and ductal cells

57
Q

What happens to gastric secretions during cephalic phase

A
  1. PNS stimulation- ENS via ACh stimulates G cells and parietal cells
  2. G cells secrete gastrin in blood
  3. Gastrin finds CCK on parietal and chief cells
58
Q

What are the pancreatic secretions like during cephalic phase

A

ENS via ACh stimulates Acinar and ductal cells

59
Q

What happens to salivary glands during gastric phase

A

PNS stimulation

60
Q

What happens to gastric secretions/motility during gastric phase

A
  1. Stomach is distended which stimulates stretch receptors
  2. Information transmitted through afferent fibers. G cells stimulated (more gastrin) and parietal cells stimulated (more HCl)
  3. Low pH lumen is perceived by G cells and activates somatostatin
  4. Histamine is produced by ECL cells and triggers HCl via H2 receptors
61
Q

What are the pancreatic secretions during the gastric phase

A

ENS stimulates ductal and Acinar cells

62
Q

What are the salivary glands doing during intestinal phase

A

Ceasing activity

63
Q

What are the gastric secretions and motility like during intestinal phase

A
  1. Duodenal distention, fat, protein trigger release of CCK which cause stomach to relax
  2. CCK stimulates D cells releasing somatostatin
64
Q

What happens to pancreatic cells during intestinal phase

A

ENS via ACh stimulates Acinar and ductal cells.

CCK activates Acinar cells
Secretin activates ductal cells

65
Q

During the intestinal phase gastric secretions ___

A

Decrease

66
Q

What is the neural and humoral control during intestinal phase

A

Neural: removal stimuli
Humoral: somatostatin released and inhibits parietal and ECL cells

67
Q

Somatostatin ___intracellular cAMP levels

A

Decreases

68
Q

What is Gastrinoma/Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome

A

Rare neuroendocrine tumor that is constantly secreting gastrin, uninhibited by somatostatin.

Stimulates release of gastric acid

69
Q

What are the results of gastrinoma

A

Parietal cell mass, acid secretion—> peptic ulcer

Decrease bile acids and lipase activity lead to diarrhea, steatorrhea, and hypokalemia

70
Q

What are some treatment options for gastrinoma

A
  1. Blocking H/K pump to heal ulcers
  2. Somatostatin to suppresses gastrin
  3. Surgical resection of tumor

Physiology III (34 decks)

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