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Physiology III > Lecture 24: Mucosal Absorption-1 > Flashcards

Lecture 24: Mucosal Absorption-1 Flashcards

1
Q

Are end products of carbohydrate and protein digestion hydrophilic or hydrophobic

A

Hydrophilic

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2
Q

What is active transport

A

Transport of molecules that requires ATP, against concentration gradient

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3
Q

What is the most important active transporter

A

Na/K pump

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4
Q

Numerous secondary active transporters depend on __gradient

A

Sodium

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5
Q

Secondary active co-transporters ligands are on the ___side

A

Same

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6
Q

Secondary active antiporter or exchanger ligands are on __sides

A

Opposite

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7
Q

What maintains the Na gradient

A

Na/K pump

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8
Q

What is the tertiary active transport

A
  1. Na/K maintains Na gradient
  2. Intracellular H is transported out via Na/H anti port
  3. Cl-/HCO3- exchange
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9
Q

What catalyzes H+ and bicarbonate production

A

Carboanydrase

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10
Q

What are the 3 forms of passive transport

A
  1. Transcellular
  2. Paracellular
  3. Facilitated diffusion
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11
Q

What is transceullar absorption

A

Ions following the electrochemical gradient through the ion channels in the apical membrane

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12
Q

What is paracellular absoprtion

A

Ions follow the electrochemical gradient and osmotic pressure through tight junctions

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13
Q

Tight junctions are freely permeable to __ and __

A

Water and small ions

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14
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across membrane specific transmembrane integral proteins

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15
Q

What transporter dose glucose and galactose use

A

SGLT-1

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16
Q

Where is SGLT-1 located

A

Next to glycocalyx enzymes on apical membrane

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17
Q

How is fructose transported across the membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT-5

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18
Q

Once fructose is in cell it is phosphorylated and converted to ___

A

Glucose

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19
Q

Glucose is transported across the basolateral membrane via

A

Facilitated diffusion via GLUT-1

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20
Q

Glucose movement through the basolateral space is driven by ___

A

Diffusion

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21
Q

Describe how oral rehydration therapy works

A

Utilizes the Na+ glucose co-transporter and stimulates water reabsorption

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22
Q

Disorders of carbohydrate digestion and absorption are most commonly due to __deficiencies that prevent breakdown of carbohydrates to ___form

A

Enzyme, absorbable

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23
Q

How do unabsorbed carbohydrates cause diarrhea

A

Hold water and cause osmotic diarrhea

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24
Q

Proteins utilized what transporter on the apical membrane

A

Amino acid co-transporter (Na)

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25
Q

What are the four co-transporters

A
  1. Neutral AA
  2. Dibasic AA
  3. Dicarboxylic AA
  4. Imino (proline) AA
26
Q

Transport of di and tripeptides are coupled to ___transport

A

H+

27
Q

Digested proteins are released into basolateral side and capillaries as __

A

Free amino acids

28
Q

How do free amino acids cross basolateral membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

29
Q

What is aminoaciduria

A

Result or pancreatic insufficiency where there is a defect in the transport of a specific amino acid

30
Q

How does aminoacidura affect di and tripeptides

A

It doesn’t, di and tripeptides are facilitated by H+ transporter not amino acid transporter

31
Q

What is cystinuria

A

Transporter for dibasic amino acids is absent or reduced causing dibasic amino acids to be lost in urine and feces. Could result in cysteine stones

32
Q

What is responsible for facilitating the absorption and digestion of lipids

A

Micelles

33
Q

How do Micelles get lipids into cell

A

Simple diffusion

34
Q

How do long chain fatty acids get into cell

A

Facilitated diffusion

35
Q

95% of ingested fat is removed by __

A

Small intestine

36
Q

Describe the steps in absorption of micellar contents

A
  1. Micelles diffuse through apical membrane of the enterocyte
  2. Micelles adhere to enterocyte membrane
  3. Fatty acids, monoglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol diffuse from the Micelles
37
Q

What two pathways reassemble lipids intracellular

A
  1. Monoglyceride adulation pathway
  2. Phosphatidic acid pathway
38
Q

What is the monoglyceride acylation pathway

A

2 monoglycerides and fatty acyl CoA= triglycerides

39
Q

What is the phosphatidic acid pathway

A

Glycolysis—> P glycerol or diOH-acetone P—> alpha glycerolP—>triglycerides

40
Q

What are chylomcirons

A

Transport vehicle for lipids in lacteals. Core of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by phospholipase and apoproteins

41
Q

Fatty acids and monoglycerides are converted to ___ in ___

A

Triglycerides in the endoplasmic reticulum

42
Q

What are apoproteins

A

Embedded in chylomicrons, serve as ligands for cell surface and cofactors for enzymes

43
Q

Without apoproteins what happens to triglycerides

A

Accumulate in enterocytes

44
Q

Chylomicrons are taken up by __

A

Lacteals

45
Q

What are lacteals

A

Lymphatic vessels in villi that take up lipids

46
Q

What is the draining sequence from lacteals

A

Lacteals to cisterna chyli-> thoracic duct-> external jugular vein

47
Q

Intestinal lymph changes between __ and __ characters depending on ingesta processing

A

Watery, milky

48
Q

How are bile acids recycled

A
  1. Bile acid transporter (Na-bile acid secondary active) in ileum
  2. Bile reabsorbed and returned to portal system
  3. Processed in liver and stored in gallbladder to be later released into SI

Known as enterohepatic circulation

49
Q

If the liver does not recycle bile acids they will show up in the ___

A

Plasma

50
Q

Complete or partial damage to the ___ will cause bile acid elevation as they bypass the liver which is known as ___

A

Portal blood flow, portosystemic shunt

51
Q

Acquires shunts can result from ___

A

Liver disease

52
Q

Congenital shunt in toy breeds

A

Extrahepatic shunt

53
Q

Congenital shunt in large breed dogs

A

Intrahepatic

54
Q

Accumulation of toxins and metabolic waste products from portosystemic shunts can result in ___

A

Hepatic encephalopathy

55
Q

What is the main neurotoxic that builds up in hepatic encephalopathy

A

Ammonium

56
Q

The bile acid tests what

A

Liver function and the degree of damage or inflammation

57
Q

Describe the steps in bile acid testing

A
  1. 12 hour fast
  2. Prelimary blood draw
  3. Offer small meal
  4. 2 hours later take second sample
58
Q

How should the bile test read if liver function is normal

A

Low initial and 2 hour levels

59
Q

If the resting bile acid sample is elevated what does that indicated

A

Bile acids remain in circulation- liver disease, shunt, impaired gallbladder, gall stones

60
Q

If the preliminary sample for bile acids is normal and the 2 hour test is elevated what does that mean

A

Bile acids are very slowly absorbed and escape into systemic circulation. The liver can handle bile acids between meals but not after meal

Physiology III (34 decks)

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