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Physiology III > Lecture 18: Introduction to GI Function and Regulation > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Introduction to GI Function and Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the GI System

A
  1. Convey nutrients, water and electrolytes
  2. Act as barrier between external and internal environment- protection and immune function
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2
Q

Besides ruminants what part of the GI does fermentation take place

A

Large intestines

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3
Q

What are the 5 functions of the GI

A
  1. Motility
  2. Storage
  3. Secretion
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
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4
Q

What type of motility and secretion does the esophagus utilize

A

Motility: peristalsis
Secretion: mucus

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5
Q

What type of motility and secretion does the stomach utilize

A

Motility: storage and mixing
Secretion: HCl and mucous

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6
Q

What type of motility and secretion does the small intestine utilize

A

Motility: segmentation and peristalsis
Secretion: mucous, bile, pancreatic juices

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7
Q

What type of motility and secretion does the large intestine utilize

A

Motility: peristalsis, mass movements, and defecation
Secretion: mucous

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8
Q

Why is the storage function of the stomach important

A

Need to give the duodenum time to further breakdown food

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9
Q

What is the function of the hyolingual apparatus

A

Generates a negative oral cavity pressure to facilitate suckling fluids in mammals

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10
Q

The anatomy of large intestines reflects adaptations to feeding habits, decrease the large intestines of cows vs horses

A

Horses have a very large cecum in order to promote hindgut fermentation, whereas ruminants have a large small intestines as they are foregut fermenters

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11
Q

Describe how cleft palate occurs and how it affects GI

A

Cleft palate forms from failure of lateral palatine processes to form during development. Leaves a hole between oropharynx and nasopharynx so suckling of milk causes it to come out the nose

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12
Q

What is atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Defect of the formation of the rectum to the anus

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13
Q

What is type I atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Congenital anal stenosis

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14
Q

What is type II atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Imperforate anus alone

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15
Q

What is type III atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Imperforate anus combined with more cranial termination of the rectum as a blind pouch

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16
Q

What is type IV atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Discontinuity of the proximal rectum with normal anal and terminal rectal development

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17
Q

What causes atresia ani/atresia coli

A

Inadequate blood flow during embryological development can cause atrophy

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18
Q

What is the order of layers of the intestine from inner to outer

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Muscularis mucosa
  4. Subumucosa
  5. Subumucosal plexus
  6. Inner circular muscle
  7. Myenteric plexus
  8. Outer longitudinal muscle
  9. Serosa
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19
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the esophagus

A

Multilayered stratified squamous

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20
Q

What type of epithelium is present in stomach, small and large intestine

A

Single layer columnar

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21
Q

What part of the intestines has just crypts

A

Large intestine

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22
Q

What part of the intestines have crypts and villi

A

Small intestine

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23
Q

What is the function of crypts and villi

A

Increase absorptive surface area

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24
Q

Why is the advantage of constant epithelial renewal in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine

A

Prevents accumulation of defects- mechanical, toxins, mutagenic

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25
Q

What is the risk of constant epithelial renewal in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

A

Malignancy

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26
Q

Where do stem cells originate in stomach and intestines

A

Neck area of crypts

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27
Q

What do stem cells differentiate into

A
  1. Goblet cells
  2. Paneth cells
  3. Enterocytes
  4. Enteroendocrine cells
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28
Q

What are paneth cells

A

Immune cells that fight off bacteria, contain lysozymes

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29
Q

What is the intrinsic control of GI system

A

Enteric nervous system

30
Q

What is the extrinsic control of GI system

A

SNS and PNS

31
Q

Neurons of the ENS are located where

A

In between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of the myenteric plexus

32
Q

What does the myenteric plexus innervate

A

Longitudinal and circular smooth muscle

33
Q

What is the primary function of the myenteric plexus

A

Gut movement

34
Q

What does the submucosal plexus innervate

A

Glandular epithelium, intestinal endocrine cells, and submucosal blood vessels

35
Q

What is the primary function of the submucosal plexus

A

Intestinal secretions

36
Q

What type of receptors does the gut mucosa have

A

Mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and thermoreceptors

37
Q

What type of receptors does the gut wall have

A

Mechanoreceptors

38
Q

What are the target organs of the mucosa

A

Glands, enteroendocrine cells

39
Q

What are the target organs of the gut wall

A

Muscle, blood vessels

40
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released from ENS neurons

A

Axons and axon collaterals that contain varicosities

41
Q

What is the advantage of varicosities

A

Activate a broader area around the axon vs focused at end of axon

42
Q

What is the motor function of the ENS

A

Innervate muscles and sphincters causing contraction and relaxation

43
Q

What is the sensory function of the ENS

A

Detect luminal pH, temperature, pressure

44
Q

What do excitatory neurons of the GI do

A

Increase mucosal secretions and muscle contractions

45
Q

What do inhibitory neurons of the GI do

A

Decrease mucosal secretions and muscle relaxation

46
Q

What are the excitatory neurotransmitters

A

ACh and substance P

47
Q

What are the inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

NO and VIP

48
Q

What are the interstitial cells of cajal

A

Specialized smooth muscle cells that act as pacemaker cells to control contractile, electrical rhythm of the gut

49
Q

ICC have a self-generating depolarizing rhythm that controls the electrical rhythm of the gut that creates oscillations in the membrane potential. These are known as ___

A

Slow waves

50
Q

What sympathetic nerve primarily innervates the GI

A

Splanchnic

51
Q

How does sympathetic innervation affect motility, sphincters and secretions

A

Decrease motility, increase sphincter contraction and decrease secretions

52
Q

What parasympathetic nerve primarily innervates the GI

A

Vagus

53
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic innervation of the gut on motility, sphincters and secretion

A

Increase motility, decrease sphincter contraction (promote relaxation) and increase secretions

54
Q

Splanchnic afferent nerves carry information about ___

A

Gut dissension, noxious chemicals and inflammation

55
Q

Are SNS efferents inhibitory or excitatory

A

Inhibitory

56
Q

What NT does SNS use to decrease motility and glandular secretions

A

NE

57
Q

PNS efferents are primarily inhibitory or excitatory

A

Excitatory

58
Q

What NT does PNS use to increase gut blood flow, motility and glandular secretions

A

Acetylcholine

59
Q

What is a vagotomy

A

Surgical operation to cut one or more branches of the vagus nerve to decrease rate of gastric secretion and motility

60
Q

T or F: vagotomies can be performed in ruminants

A

False, will result in malfermentation

61
Q

What cells are responsible for sensing gut content and releasing hormones and neuroactive substances

A

Enteroendocrine cells

62
Q

What are the 5 main enteroendocrine cells of the stomach and small intestine

A
  1. Gastric
  2. Secretin
  3. CCK
  4. GIP
  5. Motilin
63
Q

What cells secrete gastrin

A

G cells

64
Q

What cells secrete CCK

A

I cells

65
Q

What cells secrete secretin

A

S cells

66
Q

What cells secrete motilin

A

M cells

67
Q

What cells secrete GIP

A

K cells

68
Q

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of __ and __

A

Na+ and H20

69
Q

What channel in the nephron does aldosterone use

A

ENaC

70
Q

What do glucocorticoids do to Na/K ATPase

A

Increase activity

71
Q

Aldosterone stimulates Na+ and H20 reabsorption in the colon, what other ion follows paracellularly

A

Cl-

Physiology III (34 decks)

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