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Physiology III > Lecture 10: Organization of the Nervous System/Spinal Reflex Connections > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Organization of the Nervous System/Spinal Reflex Connections Flashcards

1
Q

What is extrinsic control of the nervous system

A

Maintains homeostasis, glandular activity. Controls movements, perception of environments, transfer of information, storage of information

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2
Q

What is the chemical messenger released in nervous system

A

Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft

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3
Q

What does the specificity of action on the target cell in the NS depend on

A

Close anatomic relationship between neurons and their target cells

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4
Q

What is the major function of the nervous system

A

Coordinates rapid, precise responses

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5
Q

What are the 3 anatomical components of the neural circuit

A
  1. Inputs (afferent)
  2. Integrators
  3. Outputs (efferents)
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6
Q

What are the functional components of the neural circuits

A
  1. Sensory inputs (sensory neuron/receptor)
  2. Computational units (brain and ganglia)
  3. Output nerves (output to skeletal muscle, smooth muscle or glands)
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7
Q

What are the two divisions of the peripheral NS

A

Afferent and efferent

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8
Q

What is the afferent division

A

Carries information from sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal muscles and joints to the CNS via sensory neurons

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9
Q

What is the efferent division

A

Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands)

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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the efferent division

A

Somatic and autonomic

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11
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

Fibers of motor neurons that supply skeletal muscle

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12
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

Fibers that innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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13
Q

What does the cotton ball test evaluate

A

Vision, cranial nerves

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14
Q

What 4 types of movement does the nervous system control

A
  1. Voluntary
  2. Postural
  3. Rhythmic
  4. Reflex movement
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15
Q

What type of movement is more complex and may involve learning

A

Rhythmic

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16
Q

What are the two major cell types that make up NS

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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17
Q

What cells are excitable and transmit electrical impulses

A

Neurons

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18
Q

What cells communicate with and support neurons

A

Neuroglia

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19
Q

What is the soma

A

Body of the neuron that contains nucleus and most organelles

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20
Q

What are amitotic neurons

A

neurons do not divide to create more neurons. They lack centrioles an organelle required for cell division

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21
Q

Neurons have a well developed golgi and rough ER thus they are major biosynthetic centers for ___

A

Neuropeptides

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22
Q

What receives inputs from other neurons, site of synapses

A

Dendritic spines

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23
Q

What is the primary neuronal output

A

Axon

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24
Q

What is the axon hillock

A

Cone shaped area from which the axon arises

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25
Q

What makes up the transport substances within the axon

A

Microtubules

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26
Q

What releases neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic terminals

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27
Q

T or F: neuroglia initiate and conduct action potentials

A

False!

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28
Q

T or F: neuroglia have graded potentials

A

True

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29
Q

What are the 5 major classes of neuroglia

A

CNS glia:
1. Astrocytes
2. Microglia
2. Ependymal cells
4. Oligodendrocytes

PNS:
1. Schwann cells

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30
Q

What are the three types of fibers in the PNS

A

A, B, C

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31
Q

What are A fibers

A

Made of alpha, beta, and delta fibers

(Alpha—> delta= largest—> smallest diameter)

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32
Q

What do A-alpha fibers carry

A

Carry muscle spindle and golgi tendon information

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33
Q

Are A-alpha fibers fast or slow

A

Fast

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34
Q

What do A-beta fibers carry

A

Muscle spindle, touch and proprioception.

Mechanoreceptors of skin

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35
Q

What do A-delta fibers carry

A

Pain and temperature information

Mechanical nociceptors

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36
Q

Are A-delta fibers fast or slow

A

Less fast

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37
Q

What are B fibers

A

Preganglionic efferent ANS fibers

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38
Q

What are the smallest, non-mylenated PNS fibers

A

C fibers

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39
Q

Are C fibers fast or slow

A

Slow, non-mylenated

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40
Q

What do C fibers carry

A

Pain information

Poylmodal nociceptors

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41
Q

What is the link between PNS and SNS

A

Spinal cord

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42
Q

Each spinal nerve has a ____, ____, ____, and _____

A
  1. Dorsal root (dorsal horn)
  2. Ventral root (ventral horn)
  3. Relay circuits
  4. Ganglia
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43
Q

Are corticospinal tracts intentional or involuntary

A

Intentional

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44
Q

Where do UMN originate

A

Primary motor cortex

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45
Q

What do UMN control

A

Skeletal muscle tone and conscious skilled movements

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46
Q

What is another name for corticospinal tract

A

Pyramidal tract

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47
Q

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract cross

A

Medulla

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48
Q

Where does the ventral corticospinal tract cross

A

Termination in spinal cord, aka uncrossed

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49
Q

Where do LMN exit

A

Ventral horn

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50
Q

What do LMN do

A

Stimulate/excite skeletal muscle

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51
Q

What controls skeletal movement in both tracts

A

Contralateral tracts

52
Q

What are the 4 descending efferent tracts

A
  1. Lateral corticospinal
  2. Rubrospinal tract
  3. Ventral corticospinal
  4. Vestibulospinal; reticulospinal;tectospinal tract
53
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract control

A

Involuntary control of skeletal muscle

54
Q

What does the vestiulospinal; reticulospinal; tectospinal tract control

A

Involuntary control of muscle tone to maintain balance and equilibrium

55
Q

What is degenerative myelopathy

A

Damage to the spinal cord that causes pathways between the body and brain to be interrupted. Result of demyelination

56
Q

Demyelination detected through loss of ___staining

A

Cresyl violet

57
Q

Is DM an UMN or LMN disorder? And where is it localized

A

UMN, localized to T3-L3

58
Q

What are the spinal reflex abnormalities associated with degenerative myelopathy

A

spastic paresis; exaggerated reflexes

59
Q

Why is fiber size important to clinical outcomes, especially in differentiating DM from other neurological disorders

A

Important to determine if DM or if symptoms are result of spinal compression

60
Q

Do large or small diameter fibers lose function first

A

Large diameter fibers lose function first

61
Q

Prognosis for tactile loss vs deep pain negative

A

Prognosis for tactile loss much better compared to deep pain negative, worsening prognosis if doesn’t return in 2 days

62
Q

What is the function of the largest fiber size

A

General proprioception

63
Q

What are the signs for increasing compression on the largest fiber size

A

Proprioceptive deficits

64
Q

What is the function of the 2nd largest fiber size

A

Voluntary motor

65
Q

What are the signs associated with increasing compression damage to the second largest fibers

A

Paresis, paralysis

66
Q

What is the function of the 2nd smallest fiber size

A

Superficial pain

67
Q

What are the signs associated with increasing compression of 2nd smallest fiber size

A

Loss of cutaneous sensation

68
Q

What is the function of the smallest fiber size

A

Deep pain

69
Q

What is the signs of increasing compression associated with the smallest fiber size

A

Loss of deep pain

70
Q

What is feline diabetic neuropathy

A

Demyelination of distal axons associated with DM

71
Q

What are some physical symptoms associated with feline diabetic neuropathy

A

Plantigrade and palmigrade stance, suggestive of diabetes neuropathy

72
Q

Do cats with feline diabetic neuropathy have dysfunction to sensory or motor neurons

A

Sensory

73
Q

is feline diabetic neuropathy UMN or LMN

A

LMN

74
Q

What is a reflex

A

Any response that occurs automatically without conscious effort

75
Q

What are the two types of reflexes

A
  1. Simple/basic
  2. Acquired or conditioned
76
Q

What is the simple/basic reflex

A

Built in, unlearned response

77
Q

What is the acquired or conditioned reflex

A

Result of practice or learning

78
Q

What are the 5 basic components of reflex circuits

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Afferent pathway
  3. Integrating center
  4. Efferent pathway
  5. Effector
79
Q

Describe the reflex circuit

A
  1. Stimulus activates receptor on skin
  2. Stimulus travels on sensory neuron (afferent) to synapse at integration center in dorsal horn on inter neuron
  3. Inter neuron synapses onto motor neuron in ventral horn
  4. Motor neuron travels and synapses on muscle
80
Q

What are the two proprioceptor receptors

A
  1. Golgi tendon organs
  2. Muscle spindles
81
Q

What are the nociceptor receptors

A

Free nerve endings in joint capsules and skin

82
Q

What do Golgi tendon organs measure

A

Muscle tension

83
Q

What are type Ib afferents in Golgi tendon organs

A

Neurons that respond to passive stretch and active contraction

84
Q

Where are muscle spindles located

A

Within muscle tissue, parallel to muscle fibers

85
Q

What does a muscle spindle consist of

A

Contractile end and non-contractile middle with sensory innervation

86
Q

What neurons innervate the contractile end of muscle spindles

A

Y-motor neurons

87
Q

What neurons innervate the non-contractile muscle spindles

A

Type Ia and II afferent sensory fibers

88
Q

What neurons innervate the extrafusal skeletal muscle

A

Alpha-motor neurons

89
Q

What neurons innervate both nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers

A

Group 1A afferent

90
Q

What neurons detect velocity and length change

A

Group 1A afferents

91
Q

What neurons innervate the nuclear chain fibers

A

Group 2 afferents

92
Q

What neurons detect length of muscle fiber

A

Group 2 afferents

93
Q

What motor neurons innervate nuclear chain fibers

A

Static y (gamma) motor motor neurons

94
Q

What motor neurons innervate nuclear bag fibers

A

Dynamic y (gamma) motor neurons

95
Q

Where a muscle is stretched what afferent neurons are activated

A

Group 1A and group 2

96
Q

___coactivation allows adaptation in spindle sensitivity

A

Alpha-y(gamma)

97
Q

What motor neurons activate extrafusal fibers causing them to shorten

A

A motor neurons

98
Q

To keep tension in the spindles constant, ___ neurons activate the intramural fibers causing them to shorten

A

Y(gamma) motor neurons

99
Q

What is the monosynaptic stretch reflex important for

A

Maintaining posture and muscle tone

100
Q

When is the monosynaptic stretch reflex triggered

A

When muscle is stretched

101
Q

What measures the stretch during monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

Muscle spindles (intrafusals)

*length detectors

102
Q

Describe the steps in the monosynaptic stretch reflex

A
  1. Sensory neuron travels and synapses on alpha motor neuron in ventral horn
  2. Travels back to muscle and causes monosynaptic excitation
103
Q

What is an example of monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

Patellar tendon causing extension of quadriceps

104
Q

What is the polysynaptic stretch reflex

A

Protective reflex in response to stretch of muscles

105
Q

The polysynaptic stretch reflex has 2 or more synapses that allow ___

A

Reciprocal innervation

106
Q

The polysynaptic stretch reflex activates the ___ and ___

A

Extensor and inhibit opposing flexor

107
Q

What is an example of a polysynaptic stretch reflex

A

Patellar tendon reflex, activates extensors in quadriceps and inhibits flexors in hamstrings

108
Q

Describe the polysynaptic pain reflex

A
  1. Nociceptors send signals to spinal cord
  2. Synapse on interneuron
  3. Activate flexor and inhibit opposing extensors
109
Q

What reflex allows weight to be shifted to uninjured leg so we don’t fall

A

Flexor withdrawal/cross extensor reflex

110
Q

Describe the flexor withdrawal/crossed extensor reflex when walking

A

1.leg raised when walking the extensor muscle is relaxed and flexor contracted
2. Contralateral leg has extensor activated and flexor relaxed

111
Q

What are the 3 ascending afferent tracts

A
  1. Dorsal lemniscus columns
  2. Ventral spinothalamic
  3. Lateral spinothalmamic
112
Q

What does the dorsal Lemiscus columns detect

A

Touch, pressure, vibration, 2-point discrimination and proprioception

113
Q

What does the ventral spinothalamic tract detect

A

Touch

114
Q

What does the lateral spinothalamic tract detect

A

Pain and temperature

115
Q

What are cutaneous trunci

A

Thin, sheet of skeletal muscle that covers dorsal and lateral walls of abdomen and thorax

116
Q

Describe the pathway of afferent sensory neurons in cutaneous trunci

A
  1. Afferent neurons from each spinal cord segment synapse on long tract projections and ascend spinal cord in ventrolateal funiculus
  2. Synapse on cutaneous trunci muscle motor neurons
  3. Clustered as bilateral nuclei at the cervical thoracic junction
117
Q

Describe the organization of efferent neurons in cutaneous trunci

A

Efferent axons project out of spinal cord as component of brachial plexus terminating on cutaneous trunci muscle beneath the skin of the back via the lateral thoracic branch of the plexus

118
Q

Tactile stimulation of cutaneous trunci does what in a normal animal

A

Skin contractions

119
Q

A lesion to the spinal cord blocks ____tracts of the cutaneous trunci

A

Ascending conduction of the afferent sensory tracts

120
Q

Blockage of ascending afferent tracts of cutaneous trunci produce ___

A

Areflexia below the level of the lesion in which tactile stimulation no longer produces contraction

**rostral fields are unaffected

121
Q

What 3 things collect proprioception

A
  1. Golgi tendon organ
  2. Muscle spindles
  3. Free nerve endings
122
Q

What is the segmental reflex

A

Transverse one of few segments of brain divisions

123
Q

What is an example of a segmental reflex

A

Patellar reflex

124
Q

What is the intersegmental reflex

A

Transverses several segments of spinal cord or several brain divisions

125
Q

What is the long-loop intersegmental reflex test

A

Transverses many segments of the spinal cord and/or brain divisions; enters and leaves the CNS at the same location

126
Q

What is an example of long-loop intersegmental reflex

A

postural reactions/CP deficits (flipping paw over)

127
Q

Describe the reflex circuit in the menace response

A
  1. Photoreceptors activated
  2. Afferent neuron= CN III (optic nerve) to the thalamus
  3. Integrator (CNS)- response is integrated in the optic cortex of the cerebellum
  4. Efferent neuron= CN VII (facial)
  5. Target organ= obicularis oculi closes eye

Physiology III (34 decks)

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