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Physiology III > Lecture 5: Female Reproductive Physiology: The Luteal Phase > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Female Reproductive Physiology: The Luteal Phase Flashcards

1
Q

what happens in metestrus period of estrous cycle

A

CL forms and begins to secrete progesterone

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2
Q

What happens in diestrus period

A

Sustained luteal secretion of progesterone, CL develops during metetrus with optimal function during diestrus

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3
Q

Are estrogen levels low or high during metetrus

A

Low

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4
Q

What are progesterone levels during metetrus

A

Start low but quickly appears with corpus hemorrhagicum

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5
Q

What are FSH levels in metetrus

A

Low but may be sufficient to trigger recruitment for next follicular wave

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6
Q

What are progesterone levels during diestrus

A

High

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7
Q

What are estradiol levels during diestrus

A

Low and may fluctuate with follicular cycles

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8
Q

Do progesterone levels need to be high or low to suppress ovulation

A

High

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9
Q

When does the corpus luteum reach maximum size

A

Diestrus

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10
Q

Elevated ____ inhibits final follicular development preventing ovulation and estrus

A

Progesterone

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11
Q

If there is no pregnancy at end of diestrus what regresses and what hormone causes the regression

A

CL regresses due to PGF2alpha being released by uterus

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12
Q

What is responsible for breakdown of follicle wall, tunica, albuginea and surface epithelium during LH surge/ovulation

A

Cytokines and hydrolytic enzymes

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13
Q

Basal laminate of mural ___-cells are degrades during LH surge

A

Granulosa

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14
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete to increase blood supply to the new corpus luteum

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)

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15
Q

vascularization of follicle is critical to

A

Steroid synthesis and secretion

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16
Q

Cholesterol is delivered to ___ cell and taken in by ___ and ___ receptors

A

Luteal, LDL and HDL receptors

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17
Q

LH stimulates steroidogenesis by activating ____

A

Cholesterol desmolase

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18
Q

What enzyme is necessary for progesterone synthesis

A

3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

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19
Q

What are the targets of progesterone

A

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, mammary glands, uterus

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20
Q

What is the role of progesterone on hypothalamus

A

Acts as a negative feedback inhibiting estrogen priming

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21
Q

How does progesterone act on anterior pituitary

A

Negative feedback of LH, FSH

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22
Q

What does progesterone do to mammary glands

A

Acts in positive feedback loop to promote alveolar development

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23
Q

How was progesterone act in the uterus

A
  1. Negative feedback on myometrium
  2. Positive feedback on endometrium which promotes conditions that are food for fertilized eggs
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24
Q

What is relaxin

A

Hormone that targets the uterus, soft CT and acts synergistically with progesterone to maintain pregnancy. Prepares soft tissue of the pelvic canal for eventual birth

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25
Q

What species produces relaxin in corpus luteum

A

Cows

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26
Q

What maintains the corpus Luteum

A

Basal (moderate) secretion of LH

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27
Q

What species only require LH to maintain CL

A

Horses, cat and cow

28
Q

What species require LH and prolactin to maintain CL

A

Dog, sheep, rodents

29
Q

What maintains LH levels that are needed to maintain Corpus luteum

A

Pulses of GnRH maintain LH at moderate levels

30
Q

___ terminates CL and progesterone secretion at end of luteal phase

A

PGF2alpha

31
Q

What does corpus luteum become after exposed to PGF2alpha

A

Corpus albicans

32
Q

What produces PGF2alpha in cows, horses and sheep

A

Endometrium

33
Q

What produces PGF2alpha in primates

A

Ovaries

34
Q

What is the stimulus for PGF2alpha

A

Estrogen/progesterone then oxytocin

35
Q

What is the target of PGF2alpha

A

Corpus luteum

36
Q

What is the effect of PGF2alpha on corpus luteum

A

Luteolysis

37
Q

What are the two mechanisms of actions/effects of PGF2alpha

A
  1. PGF2alpha- receptor complex opens Ca2+ channels in granulosa cells. This induces apoptosis through high intracellular calcium
  2. Activation of Protein kinase C inhibits mitochondrial transport of cholesterol and progesterone synthesis
38
Q

How does oxytocin induce PGFalpha- describe feedback loop

A
  1. Signal from posterior pituitary to uterus
  2. Uterus releases PGF2alpha
  3. PGFalpha signals release of oxytocin to act in positive feedback to uterus to release more PGF2alpha
  4. PGF2alpha destroys CL via a positive feedback loop
39
Q

When does CL become receptive to PGF2alpha in cows

A

PGF receptors appear ~ 6 days after ovulation

40
Q

When does CL become receptive to PGF2alpha in horses

A

PGF2alpha receptors appear~ 5 days after ovulation

41
Q

If you inject a cow with PGF2alpha 3 days after ovulation what happens

A

Not much, don’t have PGF2alpha receptors yet

42
Q

If you inject a cow with PGF2alpha 10 days after ovulation what happens

A

Will be able to respond and cause CL to regress due to presence of receptors 6 days after ovulation

43
Q

What is the vascular pathway for PGF2alpha in cow and sheep

A

Produced in the uterus endometrium is released into the ovarian veins and is transferred to ipsilateral ovarian artery through counter current exchange mechanism

44
Q

What is the vascular pathway of PGF2alpha in horses

A

Released in systemic blood from either uterine horn

45
Q

Absence of both uterine horns (full uterectomy) leads to ___luteal phase, why?

A

Prolonged because can’t send PGF2alpha from uterine horns into systemic blood, therefore Cl/luteal phase won’t be induced to regress, no oxytocin positive feedback loop. Diestrus is 148 days long

46
Q

Absence of the uterine horn contralateral to the CL does what to lifespan of CL

A

Nothing, present uterine horn is on same side as CL therefore can secrete PGF2alpha to that CL to cause regression. Days 15-17

47
Q

Absence of uterine horn ipsilateral to CL does what to lifespan of CL

A

Slightly prolongs it to 35 days because still have other uterine horn that will be active during next cycle

48
Q

Endometritis in cows leads to ___luteolysis. Why?

A

Decreased, because endometrium is responsible for releasing PGF2alpha so if damaged will have decreased release of PGF2alpha and prolonged luteal

49
Q

What does E. Coli exposure in cattle do to luteotrophic prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and luteolytic PGF2alpha

A

Increases PGE2 and has no effect on PGF2alpha

50
Q

During pseudopregnancy there is no ____ mechanism

A

Uterine luteolytic

51
Q

Pseudopregnancy is associated with what behaviors

A

Nesting, spontaneous lactation and maternal protection

52
Q

When does pseudopregnancy occur

A

50-90 days after estrus

53
Q

What happens to progesterone and prolactin levels during pseudopregnancy

A

Decreasing progesterone levels and increasing prolactin levels after long luteal phase

54
Q

How do wild canids exhibit an adaptive role for pseudopregnancy

A

Subordinate females exhibit elevated progesterone during dominant females pregnancy

55
Q

Where is prolactin secreted from in late stage pregnancy in the bitch and rat

A

Anterior pituitary or the endometrium

56
Q

What is the stimulus for prolactin in the bitch

A

Increasing estrogen late in diestrus

57
Q

What is the stimulus for prolactin in rodents

A

Copulation that initiates a 9-15 day pseudopregnancy in absence of fertilization

58
Q

What is the target of prolactin

A

CL in the rat, bitch and ewe, mammary glands in all mammals

59
Q

What is the effect of prolactin

A

Luteotropic. Required for initiation and maintenance of milk synthesis

60
Q

What types of drugs can be used to induce estrus in the bitch

A

Anti-prolactin drugs (dopamine agonists and serotonin antagonists)

61
Q

If anti-prolactin drugs are given mid pregnancy what will happen

A

Luteolysis and abortion

62
Q

What does estradiol increase in canine estrous cycle

A

Proestrus

63
Q

When does progesterone increase in canine estrous cycle

A

End of estrus and peaks at beginning of metetrus

64
Q

When does LH increase in canine estrous cycle

A

End of estrus to induce ovulation

65
Q

How can you induce pseudopregnancy in rodents

A

Tactile stimulation of vagina

66
Q

Ovulation is induced by ___

A

LH surge

67
Q

Decide all endometrial ___maintains murine pseudopregnancy

A

Prolactin

Physiology III (34 decks)

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