Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Physiology III > Lecture 15: Special senses: hearing > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Special senses: hearing Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound

A

Cyclical compression and rarefaction of air molecules causes a cyclical change in air pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sound is characterized in the ___ and ___ domains

A

Spectral and temporal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What structures make up the outer ear

A

Pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What structures make up the middle ear

A

Auditory ossicles- malleus, incus, stapes, tympanic bulla, eustacian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What structures make up the inner ear

A

Bony labyrinth- cochlea, utricle, semicircular canals, CN VIII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the purpose of the pinna

A

Funnel and conduct sound toward the meats and tympanic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Besides hearing what is another function of the pinna/outer ear

A

Thermoregulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is the middle ear air or fluid filled

A

Air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the eustachian tube

A

Maintain pressure equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of the ossicles

A

Optimal energy transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscles attached to malleus (tensor tympani) and stapes (stapedius)

A

Reduce energy transfer when they contract, thus give protection from excessive noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Is the inner ear fluid or air filled

A

Fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What function of the inner ear is the auditory portion

A

Cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What two membranes make up the cochlea

A
  1. Basilar
  2. Reissner’s
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 3 chambers make up the inner ear

A
  1. Scalae
  2. Scala vestibuli
  3. Scala tympani
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What fluid fills the scalae

A

Endolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The scalae is rich in what ion

A

K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani are filled with what fluid

A

Perilymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the organ of corti contain

A

Contains the hair cells that are anchored to the basilar papilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the gel-coated ridge that lies on the hair cells

A

Tectorial membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hair cells synapse to sensory nerves from the cochlear nerve to…

A

CN VIII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What structure encodes for sound waves of different frequencies

A

Basilar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The basilar membrane allows for ___ coding along the length of the membrane, which is known as ___

A

Spatial coding, tonotopic organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What frequency is encoded closest to the stapes and oval window

A

High frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What frequency is encoded farthest from the stapes and oval window
Low frequencies
26
Which membrane in the organ of corti is very stiff
Tectorial
27
Which membrane in the organ of corti is very flexible
Basilar
28
what membrane is displaced by traveling sound waves
Basilar membrane
29
What happens when the basilar membrane is displaced
Cilia tilt towards stereocilia, causing neurotransmitter release
30
How is information transduced in the ear
1. Sound waves hit the tympanic membrane 2. Vibrations are transferred to the oval window 3. Oval window deformations creates pressure waves in the perilymph of the cochlea 4. Pressure waves travel up the basilar membrane 5. Hair cells tilt and depolarize
31
Describe the mechanical-electrical transduction
1. Bent hairs open mechanically gated cation channels 2. K+ enters the hair cell 3. Hair cell depolarizes 4. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open 5. NT- glutamate- released signaling terminals of the cochlear nerve
32
Mechanical energy is transduced to electrical energy in the form of ___
Action potential
33
How are quiet noises detected
1. Pinna funnels into ear canal 2. Meatus transmits sounds 3. Middle ear ossicles amplify sound 2-3 times 4. Cochlear amplifier
34
What two structures mainly amplify sounds
Ossicles and cochlear amplifiers
35
What hair cells amplify the signal
Outer hair cells
36
How do outer hair cells amplify signal
Change length in response to movements of basilar membrane and amplify signal, increase sensitivity of inner hair cells
37
Describe the pathway of the auditory nervous system
1. Spiral ganglion synapses with hair cell 2. Forms the cochlear nerve and joins with CN VIII 3. Synapses in cochlear nuclei in medulla 4. Travels and synapses in superior olivary complex (medulla-pons) 5. Travels and synapses to inferior colliculus (mesencephalon) 6. Travel and synapse in the medial geniculate nucleus 7. Auditory cortex
38
What does the superior olivary complex do
Sound localization
39
What does the medial geniculate nucleus and inferior colliculus do
Specialized to detect certain frequency combinations and timing sounds
40
What does the auditory cortex do
Conscious perception of sound
41
How is sound localization achieved
Time differences and intensity differences in the olivary complex
42
What does the lateral superior olive do
Cells measure interaural intensity differences by integrating ipsilateral excitatory and contralateral inhibitory inputs
43
What is the medial superior olive
Cells measure interaurel time differences using excitatory inputs from both sides
44
What does wave I represent in the BAER test
Reflects cochlea, spiral ganglia and CN VIII
45
What does wave II represent in the BAER test
Reflects the cochlear nuclei
46
What does wave III represent in the BAER test
Reflects the superior olivary complex
47
What do waves IV and V in present in the BAER test
Reflect the lateral lemniscus and lemniscal nuclei and caudal colliculus
48
What does wave VI represent in the BAER test
Medial geniculate body
49
What does wave VII represent in the BAER test
Auditory radiations
50
which puppies can hear in both, one or none of its ears
Puppy 1: both ears Puppy 2: right ear Puppy 3: left ear Puppy 4: neither
51
What is acquired deafness
Hearing loss due to an infection, injury, gradual or sudden hearing loss due to age, noise exposure or drugs
52
What do ototoxic drugs do
1. Non-selective cation channels allow passage of drugs like aminoglycosides 2. Upon entering hair cells, ototoxic drugs cause cell death, hearing loss
53
How do ototoxic drugs cause hearing loss
Target mitochondrial function
54
Where do aminoglycans target the basilar membrane and therefore what frequencies are affected
Affect the basal portion of the cochlear spiral and therefore affect high frequency sounds first
55
What type of hearing loss do aminoglycosides cause
Permanent
56
What type of hearing loss does cisplatin cause
Permanent
57
What type of hearing loss does furosemide cause
Temporary
58
What frequency range of hearing is lost with aminoglycosides
High frequencies with progression to low frequencies
59
What frequency range of hearing is lost with cisplatin
High frequencies with progression to low frequencies
60
What frequency range of hearing is lost with furosemide
Middle frequencies
61
What hair cells are lost with aminoglycosides
Beginning in the base and progressing towards the apex
62
What hair cells are lost with cisplatin
Beginning in the base and progressing toward the apex
63
What hair cells are lost with furosemide
None
64
What changes to the cochlear nerve occur with aminoglycosides
Nerve degeneration following hair cell loss
65
What changes to the cochlear nerve does cisplatin cause
Damage at the basal coil and decrease in function
66
What changes to the cochlear nerve does furosemide cause
Temporary impairment of function
67
What effect does aminoglycosides have on balance
Possibly severe
68
___coat color is linked to deafness
White
69
Deafness develops at 3-4 weeks due to loss of….
Melanocyte dependent blood supply to the cochlea

Physiology III (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions