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Physiology III > Lecture 15: Special senses: hearing > Flashcards

Lecture 15: Special senses: hearing Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound

A

Cyclical compression and rarefaction of air molecules causes a cyclical change in air pressure

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2
Q

Sound is characterized in the ___ and ___ domains

A

Spectral and temporal

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3
Q

What structures make up the outer ear

A

Pinna, ear canal, tympanic membrane

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4
Q

What structures make up the middle ear

A

Auditory ossicles- malleus, incus, stapes, tympanic bulla, eustacian tube

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5
Q

What structures make up the inner ear

A

Bony labyrinth- cochlea, utricle, semicircular canals, CN VIII

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the pinna

A

Funnel and conduct sound toward the meats and tympanic membrane

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7
Q

Besides hearing what is another function of the pinna/outer ear

A

Thermoregulation

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8
Q

Is the middle ear air or fluid filled

A

Air

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9
Q

What is the function of the eustachian tube

A

Maintain pressure equilibrium

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10
Q

What is the function of the ossicles

A

Optimal energy transfer

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11
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscles attached to malleus (tensor tympani) and stapes (stapedius)

A

Reduce energy transfer when they contract, thus give protection from excessive noise

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12
Q

Is the inner ear fluid or air filled

A

Fluid

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13
Q

What function of the inner ear is the auditory portion

A

Cochlea

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14
Q

What two membranes make up the cochlea

A
  1. Basilar
  2. Reissner’s
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15
Q

What 3 chambers make up the inner ear

A
  1. Scalae
  2. Scala vestibuli
  3. Scala tympani
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16
Q

What fluid fills the scalae

A

Endolymph

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17
Q

The scalae is rich in what ion

A

K+

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18
Q

The Scala vestibuli and Scala tympani are filled with what fluid

A

Perilymph

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19
Q

What does the organ of corti contain

A

Contains the hair cells that are anchored to the basilar papilla

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20
Q

What is the gel-coated ridge that lies on the hair cells

A

Tectorial membrane

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21
Q

Hair cells synapse to sensory nerves from the cochlear nerve to…

A

CN VIII

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22
Q

What structure encodes for sound waves of different frequencies

A

Basilar membrane

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23
Q

The basilar membrane allows for ___ coding along the length of the membrane, which is known as ___

A

Spatial coding, tonotopic organization

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24
Q

What frequency is encoded closest to the stapes and oval window

A

High frequencies

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25
Q

What frequency is encoded farthest from the stapes and oval window

A

Low frequencies

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26
Q

Which membrane in the organ of corti is very stiff

A

Tectorial

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27
Q

Which membrane in the organ of corti is very flexible

A

Basilar

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28
Q

what membrane is displaced by traveling sound waves

A

Basilar membrane

29
Q

What happens when the basilar membrane is displaced

A

Cilia tilt towards stereocilia, causing neurotransmitter release

30
Q

How is information transduced in the ear

A
  1. Sound waves hit the tympanic membrane
  2. Vibrations are transferred to the oval window
  3. Oval window deformations creates pressure waves in the perilymph of the cochlea
  4. Pressure waves travel up the basilar membrane
  5. Hair cells tilt and depolarize
31
Q

Describe the mechanical-electrical transduction

A
  1. Bent hairs open mechanically gated cation channels
  2. K+ enters the hair cell
  3. Hair cell depolarizes
  4. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open
  5. NT- glutamate- released signaling terminals of the cochlear nerve
32
Q

Mechanical energy is transduced to electrical energy in the form of ___

A

Action potential

33
Q

How are quiet noises detected

A
  1. Pinna funnels into ear canal
  2. Meatus transmits sounds
  3. Middle ear ossicles amplify sound 2-3 times
  4. Cochlear amplifier
34
Q

What two structures mainly amplify sounds

A

Ossicles and cochlear amplifiers

35
Q

What hair cells amplify the signal

A

Outer hair cells

36
Q

How do outer hair cells amplify signal

A

Change length in response to movements of basilar membrane and amplify signal, increase sensitivity of inner hair cells

37
Q

Describe the pathway of the auditory nervous system

A
  1. Spiral ganglion synapses with hair cell
  2. Forms the cochlear nerve and joins with CN VIII
  3. Synapses in cochlear nuclei in medulla
  4. Travels and synapses in superior olivary complex (medulla-pons)
  5. Travels and synapses to inferior colliculus (mesencephalon)
  6. Travel and synapse in the medial geniculate nucleus
  7. Auditory cortex
38
Q

What does the superior olivary complex do

A

Sound localization

39
Q

What does the medial geniculate nucleus and inferior colliculus do

A

Specialized to detect certain frequency combinations and timing sounds

40
Q

What does the auditory cortex do

A

Conscious perception of sound

41
Q

How is sound localization achieved

A

Time differences and intensity differences in the olivary complex

42
Q

What does the lateral superior olive do

A

Cells measure interaural intensity differences by integrating ipsilateral excitatory and contralateral inhibitory inputs

43
Q

What is the medial superior olive

A

Cells measure interaurel time differences using excitatory inputs from both sides

44
Q

What does wave I represent in the BAER test

A

Reflects cochlea, spiral ganglia and CN VIII

45
Q

What does wave II represent in the BAER test

A

Reflects the cochlear nuclei

46
Q

What does wave III represent in the BAER test

A

Reflects the superior olivary complex

47
Q

What do waves IV and V in present in the BAER test

A

Reflect the lateral lemniscus and lemniscal nuclei and caudal colliculus

48
Q

What does wave VI represent in the BAER test

A

Medial geniculate body

49
Q

What does wave VII represent in the BAER test

A

Auditory radiations

50
Q

which puppies can hear in both, one or none of its ears

A

Puppy 1: both ears
Puppy 2: right ear
Puppy 3: left ear
Puppy 4: neither

51
Q

What is acquired deafness

A

Hearing loss due to an infection, injury, gradual or sudden hearing loss due to age, noise exposure or drugs

52
Q

What do ototoxic drugs do

A
  1. Non-selective cation channels allow passage of drugs like aminoglycosides
  2. Upon entering hair cells, ototoxic drugs cause cell death, hearing loss
53
Q

How do ototoxic drugs cause hearing loss

A

Target mitochondrial function

54
Q

Where do aminoglycans target the basilar membrane and therefore what frequencies are affected

A

Affect the basal portion of the cochlear spiral and therefore affect high frequency sounds first

55
Q

What type of hearing loss do aminoglycosides cause

A

Permanent

56
Q

What type of hearing loss does cisplatin cause

A

Permanent

57
Q

What type of hearing loss does furosemide cause

A

Temporary

58
Q

What frequency range of hearing is lost with aminoglycosides

A

High frequencies with progression to low frequencies

59
Q

What frequency range of hearing is lost with cisplatin

A

High frequencies with progression to low frequencies

60
Q

What frequency range of hearing is lost with furosemide

A

Middle frequencies

61
Q

What hair cells are lost with aminoglycosides

A

Beginning in the base and progressing towards the apex

62
Q

What hair cells are lost with cisplatin

A

Beginning in the base and progressing toward the apex

63
Q

What hair cells are lost with furosemide

A

None

64
Q

What changes to the cochlear nerve occur with aminoglycosides

A

Nerve degeneration following hair cell loss

65
Q

What changes to the cochlear nerve does cisplatin cause

A

Damage at the basal coil and decrease in function

66
Q

What changes to the cochlear nerve does furosemide cause

A

Temporary impairment of function

67
Q

What effect does aminoglycosides have on balance

A

Possibly severe

68
Q

___coat color is linked to deafness

A

White

69
Q

Deafness develops at 3-4 weeks due to loss of….

A

Melanocyte dependent blood supply to the cochlea

Physiology III (34 decks)

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