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Physiology III > Lecture 33: Absorptive and Postabsorptive nutrient utilization > Flashcards

Lecture 33: Absorptive and Postabsorptive nutrient utilization Flashcards

1
Q

What is the origin of glucose in the absorptive phase/ Phase I of glucose homeostasis

A

Exogenous

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2
Q

What tissues are using glucose in absorptive phase/phase 1 glucose homeostasis

A

All

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3
Q

What is the major rule of the brain during absorptive phase/phase 1 glucose homeostasis

A

Glucose

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4
Q

What is the origin of blood glucose in postabsorptive/phase 2 glucose homeostasis

A

Hepatic glycogen, gluconeogenesis

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5
Q

What tissues are using glucose during postabsorptive/phase 2 glucose homeostasis

A

All except liver, muscle and adipose at diminished rates

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6
Q

What is the major fuel source to the brain during postabsorptive/phase II glucose homeostasis

A

Glucose

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7
Q

What is the origin of blood glucose in phase III/prolonged energy deficiency

A

Hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis

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8
Q

What tissues are using glucose during phase 3/ prolonged energy deficiency stage

A

Brain and RBC’s, small amount by muscle

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9
Q

What is the major fuel of the brain during phase 3/prolonged energy deficiency

A

Glucose, ketone bodies

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10
Q

What is the origin of blood glucose in phase IV/ prolonged energy deficiency

A

Renal and hepatic gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

What tissues are using glucose in phase IV/ prolonged energy deficiency

A

Brain at a diminished rate, RBC’s normal

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12
Q

What is the major fuel of the brain in phase IV/ prolonged energy deficiency

A

Ketone bodies, glucose

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13
Q

Why does glucose concentration need to be controlled tightly

A

Major fuel source to the brain

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14
Q

During the absorptive phase what is the depot site for glucose and AA

A

Liver

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15
Q

During absorptive phase what is the depot site for TG/FA

A

Liver, adipose tissue

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16
Q

What are the 3 metabolic pools

A
  1. Glucose
  2. FA
  3. AA
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17
Q

What is the substrate in Kreb cycle

A

acetate

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18
Q

Glucose stored as

A

Glycogen

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19
Q

What is the first step in processing of glucose

A

Glycolysis

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20
Q

Excess glucose can be converted to ___ in the liver

A

FA

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21
Q

How is glucose converted to FA in liver

A
  1. Glucose—> pyruvate
  2. Pyruvate and oxloacetate—> citrate
  3. Citrate—> acetyl coA and oxaloacetate
  4. Acetyl CoA to FA
  5. Oxaloacetate to pyruvate
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22
Q

What is the transport amino acid

A

Alanine

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23
Q

How is alanine formed

A

Nitrogen—> pyruvate—> alanine

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24
Q

Most AA enter circulation and are channeled through ___

A

Liver

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25
Amino acids are delaminated which produce ___ and ___
Ketoanalogues and urea
26
Liver selectively removes AA that can be used for ___ or ___
Protein synthesis or liver metabolism
27
What organ produce blood proteins
Liver
28
What are some examples of blood proteins produce by the liver
Leukocytes, vascular endothelial cells
29
AA can be converted to ___ and ___synthesis
Glucose and FA synthesis
30
What is the storage form of AA
Muscle protein
31
AA can contribute to the ___ and __ pool
Glucose and adipose tissue pool
32
What are the 3 potential fates for AA after delamination to keto-acids
1. Metabolized 2. Gluconeogenesis/ glycogenesis 3. FA synthesis
33
what are FA stored as
Triglycerides
34
What happens to triglycerides during absorptive phase
TF/NEFA are repackaged in liver and transporter for storage or utilization as very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
35
During the post absorptive phase fat cells release ___ and ___
Glycerol and NEFA
36
T of F: FA can be converted to glucose
False, decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetylCoA is irreversible
37
___ serve as the alternative fuel source derived from FA during prolonged energy deficiency
Ketone bodies
38
What is the only gluconeogenic VFA
Proprionate
39
ketone bodies can be used by __ an __ during prolonged energy deficiency
Brain and heart muscle
40
Insulins effect on glycogen synthesis
Increase
41
Insulin effect on glucose transport
Increase
42
Insulin effect of lipogenesis
Increase
43
Insulin effect on lipolysis
Decrease
44
Insulin effect on AA uptake
Increase
45
Insulin effect on protein synthesis
Increase
46
Insulin effect on protein degradation
Decrease
47
Insulin effect on gluconeog
Decrease
48
Glucagon effect of glycogenolysis
Increase
49
Glucagon effect on gluconeogenesis
Increase
50
Glucagon effect on lipolysis and FA oxidation
Increase
51
Glucagon effect on ketogenesis
Increase
52
What cells secrete insulin
Pancreatic B cells
53
When is insulin secreted
In response to elevated BG
54
Describe how glucose causes release of insulin
1. Glucose binds GLUT2 2. Increase ATP/ADP ratio 3. Leads to closing K+ channels—> depolarization 4. Open Ca2+ channels 5. Vesicular release of insulin
55
What cells secrete glucagon
Alpha cells
56
When is glucagon release
1. Low glucose 2. High AA
57
What transporter does insulin promote glucose uptake with
GLUT4
58
What cells do not require insulin for glucose uptake
Neurons, hepatocytes, and erythrocytes
59
Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis by what two mechanisms
1. Dephosphorylation of glycogensynthase (activated) 2. Dephosphorylation of glycogenphosphatase (deactivated
60
High levels of AA stimulate: insulin, glucagon or both
Both
61
High levels of glucose stimulate: insulin, glucagon or both
Insulin
62
Glucagon is stimulated by high __ and low ___
AA, glucose
63
What can AA be transformed into
Proteins, triglycerides, and glucose
64
Insulin promotes AA uptake in ___ and __ synthesis
Muscle and muscle protein synthesis b
65
___stimulates gluconeogenesis
Glucagon
66
Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis from ___ to prevent ___
AA, hypoglycemia

Physiology III (34 decks)

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