Lecture 33: Absorptive and Postabsorptive nutrient utilization Flashcards
What is the origin of glucose in the absorptive phase/ Phase I of glucose homeostasis
Exogenous
What tissues are using glucose in absorptive phase/phase 1 glucose homeostasis
All
What is the major rule of the brain during absorptive phase/phase 1 glucose homeostasis
Glucose
What is the origin of blood glucose in postabsorptive/phase 2 glucose homeostasis
Hepatic glycogen, gluconeogenesis
What tissues are using glucose during postabsorptive/phase 2 glucose homeostasis
All except liver, muscle and adipose at diminished rates
What is the major fuel source to the brain during postabsorptive/phase II glucose homeostasis
Glucose
What is the origin of blood glucose in phase III/prolonged energy deficiency
Hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis
What tissues are using glucose during phase 3/ prolonged energy deficiency stage
Brain and RBC’s, small amount by muscle
What is the major fuel of the brain during phase 3/prolonged energy deficiency
Glucose, ketone bodies
What is the origin of blood glucose in phase IV/ prolonged energy deficiency
Renal and hepatic gluconeogenesis
What tissues are using glucose in phase IV/ prolonged energy deficiency
Brain at a diminished rate, RBC’s normal
What is the major fuel of the brain in phase IV/ prolonged energy deficiency
Ketone bodies, glucose
Why does glucose concentration need to be controlled tightly
Major fuel source to the brain
During the absorptive phase what is the depot site for glucose and AA
Liver
During absorptive phase what is the depot site for TG/FA
Liver, adipose tissue
What are the 3 metabolic pools
- Glucose
- FA
- AA
What is the substrate in Kreb cycle
acetate
Glucose stored as
Glycogen
What is the first step in processing of glucose
Glycolysis
Excess glucose can be converted to ___ in the liver
FA
How is glucose converted to FA in liver
- Glucose—> pyruvate
- Pyruvate and oxloacetate—> citrate
- Citrate—> acetyl coA and oxaloacetate
- Acetyl CoA to FA
- Oxaloacetate to pyruvate
What is the transport amino acid
Alanine
How is alanine formed
Nitrogen—> pyruvate—> alanine
Most AA enter circulation and are channeled through ___
Liver
Amino acids are delaminated which produce ___ and ___
Ketoanalogues and urea
Liver selectively removes AA that can be used for ___ or ___
Protein synthesis or liver metabolism
What organ produce blood proteins
Liver
What are some examples of blood proteins produce by the liver
Leukocytes, vascular endothelial cells
AA can be converted to ___ and ___synthesis
Glucose and FA synthesis
What is the storage form of AA
Muscle protein
AA can contribute to the ___ and __ pool
Glucose and adipose tissue pool
What are the 3 potential fates for AA after delamination to keto-acids
- Metabolized
- Gluconeogenesis/ glycogenesis
- FA synthesis
what are FA stored as
Triglycerides
What happens to triglycerides during absorptive phase
TF/NEFA are repackaged in liver and transporter for storage or utilization as very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
During the post absorptive phase fat cells release ___ and ___
Glycerol and NEFA
T of F: FA can be converted to glucose
False, decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetylCoA is irreversible
___ serve as the alternative fuel source derived from FA during prolonged energy deficiency
Ketone bodies
What is the only gluconeogenic VFA
Proprionate
ketone bodies can be used by __ an __ during prolonged energy deficiency
Brain and heart muscle
Insulins effect on glycogen synthesis
Increase
Insulin effect on glucose transport
Increase
Insulin effect of lipogenesis
Increase
Insulin effect on lipolysis
Decrease
Insulin effect on AA uptake
Increase
Insulin effect on protein synthesis
Increase
Insulin effect on protein degradation
Decrease
Insulin effect on gluconeog
Decrease
Glucagon effect of glycogenolysis
Increase
Glucagon effect on gluconeogenesis
Increase
Glucagon effect on lipolysis and FA oxidation
Increase
Glucagon effect on ketogenesis
Increase
What cells secrete insulin
Pancreatic B cells
When is insulin secreted
In response to elevated BG
Describe how glucose causes release of insulin
- Glucose binds GLUT2
- Increase ATP/ADP ratio
- Leads to closing K+ channels—> depolarization
- Open Ca2+ channels
- Vesicular release of insulin
What cells secrete glucagon
Alpha cells
When is glucagon release
- Low glucose
- High AA
What transporter does insulin promote glucose uptake with
GLUT4
What cells do not require insulin for glucose uptake
Neurons, hepatocytes, and erythrocytes
Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis by what two mechanisms
- Dephosphorylation of glycogensynthase (activated)
- Dephosphorylation of glycogenphosphatase (deactivated
High levels of AA stimulate: insulin, glucagon or both
Both
High levels of glucose stimulate: insulin, glucagon or both
Insulin
Glucagon is stimulated by high __ and low ___
AA, glucose
What can AA be transformed into
Proteins, triglycerides, and glucose
Insulin promotes AA uptake in ___ and __ synthesis
Muscle and muscle protein synthesis b
___stimulates gluconeogenesis
Glucagon
Glucagon stimulates gluconeogenesis from ___ to prevent ___
AA, hypoglycemia