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Physiology III > Lecture 1: Development of the Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Development of the Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

___ refers to the physiologic, morphological and behavioral differences that distinguish males from females

A

Sex

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2
Q

What is genetic sex

A

Genes that determine sex

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3
Q

What is chromosomal sex

A

Locations of sex determining genes

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4
Q

What is gametic sex

A

Reproduction that requires the fusion of gametes from two individuals of the opposite sex

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5
Q

Gonadal sex

A

Requires primary reproductive organs where gametes are produced- testes and ovaries

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6
Q

What 3 things are included in phenotypic sex

A

Accessory reproductive glands and tracts, secondary sexual characteristics, sexual behavior

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7
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics distinguish __ but do not directly play a role in

A

Sexes but do not directly play a role in reproduction

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8
Q

What are the two phases of gonad development

A

Undifferentiated and differentiated

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9
Q

What occurs in the undifferentiated phase of gonad development

A

Primordial germ cells (PGC’s) establish from bone marrow protein 4 (BM4) signaling, PGC migrate and form sex cords

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10
Q

What signaling is required for primordial germ cells

A

BMP4

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11
Q

What happens in the differentiated phase of gonad development

A

Genetic sex determines the gonads, differentiate into testes and ovaries (gondal sex) and development of accessory tracts (phenotypic sex)

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12
Q

___ sex determines the gonads

A

Genetic sex

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13
Q

___ sex is differentiation into testes and ovaries

A

Gonadal sex

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14
Q

___ sex occurs during the development of accessory tracts

A

Phenotypic sex

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15
Q

What is secondary sexual differentiation

A

Continued development of male or female phenotypes beyond the gonads and sex organs

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16
Q

What is the embryological origin or urogenital system

A

Mesoderm

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17
Q

____ from adjacent epiblast causes mesodermal cells to become primordial germ cell precursors

A

BMP4

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18
Q

PGC cells are ___, capable of becoming any cell type in the body: ____ or _____

A

Pluripotent, somatic, germline

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19
Q

Describe the steps from proximal epiblast to somatic and PGC’s

A
  1. Proximal epiblast expressing BMP4
  2. Becomes PGC precursor cells
  3. PGC precursors express BLIMP1 and Fragilis
  4. Become somatic cells- express Hoxb1 or PGC’s expressing blimp and fragillis
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20
Q

PGC’s make ___ whereas somatic cells make ___

A

PGC’s= gametes
Somatic cells= everything else

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21
Q

What converts PGC precursors to PGC’s

A

BLIMP1 and fragillis

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22
Q

PGC’s during the undifferentiated phase are located on ____ and migrate along ____ into ____

A

Hindgut, dorsal mesentery, genital ridges

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23
Q

Where do the PGC’s originate prior to migration

A

Visceral endoderm wall of the yolk sac

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24
Q

When PCG’s reach the genital ridge they establish as ___

A

Gonocytes

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25
Q

___ are the precursors to gonads

A

Gonocytes

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26
Q

What are sex cords

A

Represent local CT that forms in response to PGC’s

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27
Q

During PGC migration what structure enlarges and pushes towards meseonephric duct

A

Genital ridge

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28
Q

What is the last step in PGC migration in the undifferentiated phase of gonadal development

A

Mesonephric/Wolffian and Paramesonephric/ Müllerian ducts form

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29
Q

What forms in response to genital ridge enlarging and pushing towards mesonephric duct

A

Wolffian and Müllerian ducts

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30
Q

The Müllerian duct develops into

A

Female reproductive organs- oviduct, uterus, cervix and upper portion of vagina

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31
Q

The Wolffian duct develops into

A

Male reproductive organs- vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicle

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32
Q

The primordial gonad is undifferentiated therefore contains components of ___ and ___

A

Male(Wolffian) and female (mullerian)

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33
Q

Differentiation of ducts occurs when

A

One becomes enhanced and the other one shrinks

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34
Q

What gene plays a crucial role in chromosomal sex determination

A

SRY on Y chromosome

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35
Q

What does SRY encode for

A

Testes determining factor (TDF)

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36
Q

ZZ are chromosomes for ___

A

Male birds

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37
Q

ZW are chromosomes for ____

A

Female birds

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38
Q

Reptiles lack sex chromosomes, what determines their sex

A

Temperature sensitive sex determination

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39
Q

Describe the steps from genital ridge to spermatognonia or oogonia

A
  1. Genital ridge
  2. Bi-potential gonad, either will express XX or XY—> SRY—> TDF
  3. XX= oogonia, XY= spermatognia
  4. Spermatogonia cells= sertoli and leydig, oogonia= granulosa cells, thecal cells
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40
Q

At what stage in development does sex differentiation start

A

Bi-potential gonad

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41
Q

Oogonia express what type of cells

A

Granulosa and thecal cells

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42
Q

Spermatogonia express what type of cells

A

Sertoli and leydig cells

43
Q

When do gonads develop in rats

A

10 days

44
Q

When do gonads develop in pigs

A

18

45
Q

When do gonads develop in dogs

A

21 days

46
Q

When do gonads develop in sheep

A

22 days

47
Q

When do gonads develop in cows

A

28 days

48
Q

During testicular development cord cells become ___ cells

A

Sertoli cells

49
Q

What happens during male gonadal development

A
  1. Sex cords bridge with Wolffian ducts to form rete testes
  2. Mesonephric and cord cells become Sertoli cells
  3. Interstitial cells become leydig cells
50
Q

What cell type is related to the source and degree of testosterone production

A

Leydig

51
Q

During ovary development cord cells become ___ cells

A

Granulosa cells

52
Q

In order to develop female reproductive organs an individual must lack what gene and factor

A

SRY and TDF

53
Q

Which occurs first, male or female development and why

A

Male occurs first, female is later on because waiting for TDF and if it doesn’t arrive it will then develop into ovaries

54
Q

What cell type secretes anti-mullerian hormone

A

Sertoli cells

55
Q

What cell type produces testosterone

A

Leydig

56
Q

Testosterone targets the Wolffian ducts to become what 3 structures

A

Epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles

57
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

A

5alpha-reductase

58
Q

What external genitalia is formed after the conversion from testosterone to DHT via 5alpha-reductase

A

Scrotum, penis, glans, and prostate

59
Q

Local testosterone is responsible for ___ genitalia and systemic testosterone to DTH is responsible for ___ genitalia

A

Local=internal genitalia
Systemic= external genitalia

60
Q

What are the 3 signals needed for male development

A
  1. Anti-mullerian hormone
  2. Testosterone
  3. 5alpha-reductive
61
Q

What do Müllerian ducts develop into

A

Fallopian tubes, uterus, cranial/upper vagina

62
Q

No testosterone in females allows __ ducts to regress

A

Wolffian

63
Q

Lack of DTH allows for the formation of what female external genitalia

A

Vulva, clitoris and clitoral fossa, vestibular glands, labia, caudal/lower vagina

64
Q

No anti-mullerian hormone in females allows what internal genitalia to form

A

Fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix and cranial/upper vagina

65
Q

HPG axis functions during fetal life to promote development of ___

A

Gonads

66
Q

What axis is initiated at puberty

A

HPG axis

67
Q

At puberty the GnRH releases ___ and ____

A

LH and FSH

68
Q

Describe the signaling of HPG axis

A
  1. Kiss 1 neuron in ARC nucleus release kisspeptin onto GnRH secreting cell
  2. Releases GnRH from hypothalamus
  3. Causes release of LH onto leydig cells and FSH on Sertoli cell (from anterior pituitary)
  4. FSH onto Sertoli cell causes spermatogenesis and LH released onto leydig cells release testosterone
  5. Testosterone acts on negative feedback to GnRH in anterior pituitary and Kiss1 neuron in accurate nucleus. FSH causes release of inhibin which acts on GnRH in anterior pituitary
69
Q

LH acts on what cell type

A

Leydig

70
Q

Testosterone acts as negative feedback to what structures

A

GnRH in anterior pituitary and kiss1 neuron in accurate nucleus

71
Q

FSH acts on what cell type

A

Sertoli

72
Q

Sertoli cells release what in negative feedback loop

A

Inhibin

73
Q

What structure does inhibin inhibit in negative feedback loop

A

GnRH in anterior pituitary

74
Q

Are XXY klinfelter cats phenotypically male or female

A

Phenotypically male because despite two X chromosomes have 1 Y chromosome therefore product TDF

75
Q

What are some complications seen in XXY klinfelter cats

A

Germ cell tumors, cancer, osteoporosis, cognitive disorders

76
Q

Can XXY klinfelter cats reproduce

A

Yes, but produce little to no sperm but still possible

77
Q

What are the FSH/LH and testosterone levels in XXY klinfelter cats

A

FSH/LH=high
Testosterone=low
Hypergonadtropic hypogonadism

78
Q

What is the internal and external genitalia in XO Turner’s syndrome

A

Normal external genitalia
Internal genitalia: inactive ovaries, small uterus, failure to attain puberty

79
Q

What are streak gonads in XO Turner’s syndrome

A

Follicular atresia by 18 weeks- oogonia don’t form and just have thecal cells

80
Q

XO Turner’s syndrome may have a few ___ and little ___ synthesis

A

Follicles, estrogen

81
Q

How is negative feedback affected in Turner’s syndrome

A

Absent

82
Q

What are the FSH/LH and estrogen levels in XO turner’s syndrome

A

FSH/LH=high
Estrogen= low
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

83
Q

What is a common syndrome in twin calves

A

Freemartin syndrome

84
Q

What is freemartin syndrome

A

Occurs with male and female twins, female has 95% chance of freemartin. Allantochorion membranes fuse allowing for shared circulation of testosterone and AMH. Female greatly

85
Q

What are the characteristics of a freemartin cow

A

Müllerian ducts suppressed, gonads are a mixture of ovarian and testicular tissue gonads are very small and secrete reduced amounts of E and increased T. Vagina is very short and often ends in blind pouch, females have bull-like behavior (can detect estrus in other females)

86
Q

What hormone suppresses Müllerian ducts in freemartin cows

A

AMH

87
Q

What is the effects of testosterone in freemartin cow

A

Converts to DHT that makes an odd vulva

88
Q

What ligament supports the female reproductive organs

A

Broad ligament

89
Q

What do testes pass through during testicular descent

A

Inguinal canal

90
Q

What are the two phases of testicular descent

A
  1. Transabdominal
  2. Inguinal-scrotal
91
Q

What occurs in transabdominal phase of testicular descent

A
  1. Descent from retroperitoneal position
  2. Rapid growth of gubernaculum; dependent on IGF3
92
Q

What is the transabdominal phase of testicular descent dependent on

A

IGF3

93
Q

What happens during inguinal-scrotal phase during testicular descent

A

Shrinkage of the gubernaculum back to the scrotum and through the inguinal canal; dependent on testosterone

94
Q

When does testicular descent occur in horses

A

9-11 months gestation

95
Q

When does testicular descent occur in cattle

A

3-4 months gestation

96
Q

When does testicular descent occur in sheep

A

80 days gestation

97
Q

When does testicular descent occur in pigs

A

90 days gestation

98
Q

When does testicular descent occur in dogs

A

5 days after birth

99
Q

When does testicular descent occur in cat

A

2-5 days after birth

100
Q

What are the three degrees of cryptochidism in horses

A
  1. Inguinal
  2. Incomplete cryptorchid teste in the scrotum, incomplete cryptorchid teste in the inguinal canal (high flankers)
  3. Abdominal teste
101
Q

Cryptorchid testes can produce normal ___ but fewer ____

A

Normal testosterone, few spermatozoa

102
Q

Is this image representative of a normal or cryptorchid testicle

A

Normal, ordered spermatocytes and presence of spermatozoa

103
Q

is this image representative or a normal or cryptorchid teste

A

Cryptorchid- leydig cells and Spermatogonia present, but tubules in disarray

104
Q

What causes inguinal hernias

A

Small intestine travels through inguinal canal and is present between the parietal and visceral vaginal tunic of teste

Physiology III (34 decks)

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