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Physiology III > Lecture 1: Development of the Reproductive System > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Development of the Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

___ refers to the physiologic, morphological and behavioral differences that distinguish males from females

A

Sex

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2
Q

What is genetic sex

A

Genes that determine sex

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3
Q

What is chromosomal sex

A

Locations of sex determining genes

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4
Q

What is gametic sex

A

Reproduction that requires the fusion of gametes from two individuals of the opposite sex

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5
Q

Gonadal sex

A

Requires primary reproductive organs where gametes are produced- testes and ovaries

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6
Q

What 3 things are included in phenotypic sex

A

Accessory reproductive glands and tracts, secondary sexual characteristics, sexual behavior

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7
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics distinguish __ but do not directly play a role in

A

Sexes but do not directly play a role in reproduction

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8
Q

What are the two phases of gonad development

A

Undifferentiated and differentiated

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9
Q

What occurs in the undifferentiated phase of gonad development

A

Primordial germ cells (PGC’s) establish from bone marrow protein 4 (BM4) signaling, PGC migrate and form sex cords

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10
Q

What signaling is required for primordial germ cells

A

BMP4

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11
Q

What happens in the differentiated phase of gonad development

A

Genetic sex determines the gonads, differentiate into testes and ovaries (gondal sex) and development of accessory tracts (phenotypic sex)

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12
Q

___ sex determines the gonads

A

Genetic sex

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13
Q

___ sex is differentiation into testes and ovaries

A

Gonadal sex

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14
Q

___ sex occurs during the development of accessory tracts

A

Phenotypic sex

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15
Q

What is secondary sexual differentiation

A

Continued development of male or female phenotypes beyond the gonads and sex organs

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16
Q

What is the embryological origin or urogenital system

A

Mesoderm

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17
Q

____ from adjacent epiblast causes mesodermal cells to become primordial germ cell precursors

A

BMP4

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18
Q

PGC cells are ___, capable of becoming any cell type in the body: ____ or _____

A

Pluripotent, somatic, germline

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19
Q

Describe the steps from proximal epiblast to somatic and PGC’s

A
  1. Proximal epiblast expressing BMP4
  2. Becomes PGC precursor cells
  3. PGC precursors express BLIMP1 and Fragilis
  4. Become somatic cells- express Hoxb1 or PGC’s expressing blimp and fragillis
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20
Q

PGC’s make ___ whereas somatic cells make ___

A

PGC’s= gametes
Somatic cells= everything else

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21
Q

What converts PGC precursors to PGC’s

A

BLIMP1 and fragillis

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22
Q

PGC’s during the undifferentiated phase are located on ____ and migrate along ____ into ____

A

Hindgut, dorsal mesentery, genital ridges

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23
Q

Where do the PGC’s originate prior to migration

A

Visceral endoderm wall of the yolk sac

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24
Q

When PCG’s reach the genital ridge they establish as ___

A

Gonocytes

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25
___ are the precursors to gonads
Gonocytes
26
What are sex cords
Represent local CT that forms in response to PGC’s
27
During PGC migration what structure enlarges and pushes towards meseonephric duct
Genital ridge
28
What is the last step in PGC migration in the undifferentiated phase of gonadal development
Mesonephric/Wolffian and Paramesonephric/ Müllerian ducts form
29
What forms in response to genital ridge enlarging and pushing towards mesonephric duct
Wolffian and Müllerian ducts
30
The Müllerian duct develops into
Female reproductive organs- oviduct, uterus, cervix and upper portion of vagina
31
The Wolffian duct develops into
Male reproductive organs- vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicle
32
The primordial gonad is undifferentiated therefore contains components of ___ and ___
Male(Wolffian) and female (mullerian)
33
Differentiation of ducts occurs when
One becomes enhanced and the other one shrinks
34
What gene plays a crucial role in chromosomal sex determination
SRY on Y chromosome
35
What does SRY encode for
Testes determining factor (TDF)
36
ZZ are chromosomes for ___
Male birds
37
ZW are chromosomes for ____
Female birds
38
Reptiles lack sex chromosomes, what determines their sex
Temperature sensitive sex determination
39
Describe the steps from genital ridge to spermatognonia or oogonia
1. Genital ridge 2. Bi-potential gonad, either will express XX or XY—> SRY—> TDF 3. XX= oogonia, XY= spermatognia 4. Spermatogonia cells= sertoli and leydig, oogonia= granulosa cells, thecal cells
40
At what stage in development does sex differentiation start
Bi-potential gonad
41
Oogonia express what type of cells
Granulosa and thecal cells
42
Spermatogonia express what type of cells
Sertoli and leydig cells
43
When do gonads develop in rats
10 days
44
When do gonads develop in pigs
18
45
When do gonads develop in dogs
21 days
46
When do gonads develop in sheep
22 days
47
When do gonads develop in cows
28 days
48
During testicular development cord cells become ___ cells
Sertoli cells
49
What happens during male gonadal development
1. Sex cords bridge with Wolffian ducts to form rete testes 2. Mesonephric and cord cells become Sertoli cells 3. Interstitial cells become leydig cells
50
What cell type is related to the source and degree of testosterone production
Leydig
51
During ovary development cord cells become ___ cells
Granulosa cells
52
In order to develop female reproductive organs an individual must lack what gene and factor
SRY and TDF
53
Which occurs first, male or female development and why
Male occurs first, female is later on because waiting for TDF and if it doesn’t arrive it will then develop into ovaries
54
What cell type secretes anti-mullerian hormone
Sertoli cells
55
What cell type produces testosterone
Leydig
56
Testosterone targets the Wolffian ducts to become what 3 structures
Epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles
57
What enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
5alpha-reductase
58
What external genitalia is formed after the conversion from testosterone to DHT via 5alpha-reductase
Scrotum, penis, glans, and prostate
59
Local testosterone is responsible for ___ genitalia and systemic testosterone to DTH is responsible for ___ genitalia
Local=internal genitalia Systemic= external genitalia
60
What are the 3 signals needed for male development
1. Anti-mullerian hormone 2. Testosterone 3. 5alpha-reductive
61
What do Müllerian ducts develop into
Fallopian tubes, uterus, cranial/upper vagina
62
No testosterone in females allows __ ducts to regress
Wolffian
63
Lack of DTH allows for the formation of what female external genitalia
Vulva, clitoris and clitoral fossa, vestibular glands, labia, caudal/lower vagina
64
No anti-mullerian hormone in females allows what internal genitalia to form
Fallopian tubes, uterus, and cervix and cranial/upper vagina
65
HPG axis functions during fetal life to promote development of ___
Gonads
66
What axis is initiated at puberty
HPG axis
67
At puberty the GnRH releases ___ and ____
LH and FSH
68
Describe the signaling of HPG axis
1. Kiss 1 neuron in ARC nucleus release kisspeptin onto GnRH secreting cell 2. Releases GnRH from hypothalamus 3. Causes release of LH onto leydig cells and FSH on Sertoli cell (from anterior pituitary) 4. FSH onto Sertoli cell causes spermatogenesis and LH released onto leydig cells release testosterone 5. Testosterone acts on negative feedback to GnRH in anterior pituitary and Kiss1 neuron in accurate nucleus. FSH causes release of inhibin which acts on GnRH in anterior pituitary
69
LH acts on what cell type
Leydig
70
Testosterone acts as negative feedback to what structures
GnRH in anterior pituitary and kiss1 neuron in accurate nucleus
71
FSH acts on what cell type
Sertoli
72
Sertoli cells release what in negative feedback loop
Inhibin
73
What structure does inhibin inhibit in negative feedback loop
GnRH in anterior pituitary
74
Are XXY klinfelter cats phenotypically male or female
Phenotypically male because despite two X chromosomes have 1 Y chromosome therefore product TDF
75
What are some complications seen in XXY klinfelter cats
Germ cell tumors, cancer, osteoporosis, cognitive disorders
76
Can XXY klinfelter cats reproduce
Yes, but produce little to no sperm but still possible
77
What are the FSH/LH and testosterone levels in XXY klinfelter cats
FSH/LH=high Testosterone=low Hypergonadtropic hypogonadism
78
What is the internal and external genitalia in XO Turner’s syndrome
Normal external genitalia Internal genitalia: inactive ovaries, small uterus, failure to attain puberty
79
What are streak gonads in XO Turner’s syndrome
Follicular atresia by 18 weeks- oogonia don’t form and just have thecal cells
80
XO Turner’s syndrome may have a few ___ and little ___ synthesis
Follicles, estrogen
81
How is negative feedback affected in Turner’s syndrome
Absent
82
What are the FSH/LH and estrogen levels in XO turner’s syndrome
FSH/LH=high Estrogen= low Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
83
What is a common syndrome in twin calves
Freemartin syndrome
84
What is freemartin syndrome
Occurs with male and female twins, female has 95% chance of freemartin. Allantochorion membranes fuse allowing for shared circulation of testosterone and AMH. Female greatly
85
What are the characteristics of a freemartin cow
Müllerian ducts suppressed, gonads are a mixture of ovarian and testicular tissue gonads are very small and secrete reduced amounts of E and increased T. Vagina is very short and often ends in blind pouch, females have bull-like behavior (can detect estrus in other females)
86
What hormone suppresses Müllerian ducts in freemartin cows
AMH
87
What is the effects of testosterone in freemartin cow
Converts to DHT that makes an odd vulva
88
What ligament supports the female reproductive organs
Broad ligament
89
What do testes pass through during testicular descent
Inguinal canal
90
What are the two phases of testicular descent
1. Transabdominal 2. Inguinal-scrotal
91
What occurs in transabdominal phase of testicular descent
1. Descent from retroperitoneal position 2. Rapid growth of gubernaculum; dependent on IGF3
92
What is the transabdominal phase of testicular descent dependent on
IGF3
93
What happens during inguinal-scrotal phase during testicular descent
Shrinkage of the gubernaculum back to the scrotum and through the inguinal canal; dependent on testosterone
94
When does testicular descent occur in horses
9-11 months gestation
95
When does testicular descent occur in cattle
3-4 months gestation
96
When does testicular descent occur in sheep
80 days gestation
97
When does testicular descent occur in pigs
90 days gestation
98
When does testicular descent occur in dogs
5 days after birth
99
When does testicular descent occur in cat
2-5 days after birth
100
What are the three degrees of cryptochidism in horses
1. Inguinal 2. Incomplete cryptorchid teste in the scrotum, incomplete cryptorchid teste in the inguinal canal (high flankers) 3. Abdominal teste
101
Cryptorchid testes can produce normal ___ but fewer ____
Normal testosterone, few spermatozoa
102
Is this image representative of a normal or cryptorchid testicle
Normal, ordered spermatocytes and presence of spermatozoa
103
is this image representative or a normal or cryptorchid teste
Cryptorchid- leydig cells and Spermatogonia present, but tubules in disarray
104
What causes inguinal hernias
Small intestine travels through inguinal canal and is present between the parietal and visceral vaginal tunic of teste

Physiology III (34 decks)

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