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Physiology III > Lecture 21: The Exocrine Pancreas > Flashcards

Lecture 21: The Exocrine Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What are two types of pancreatic glandular tissue

A
  1. Endocrine (ex: islets)
  2. Exocrine (digestive enzymes)
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2
Q

Pancreatic juice is rich in ___ enzymes and ___

A

Digestive, bicarbonate

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3
Q

Pancreatic fluids drain into __

A

Small intestine

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4
Q

Obstruction or inflammation of the pancreatic duct causes ___

A

Pancreatitis

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5
Q

What is the function of the pancreatic juice

A

Neutralize acid from stomach

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6
Q

Describe the pH changes from stomach to duodenum

A

Stomach: 1.5-2
Duodenum: 5-7 (due to pancreatic juices)

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7
Q

How does the ion transport in pancreatic duct cells differ from that of gastric cells

A

Gastric cells producing HCl into stomach and HCO3- into blood resulting in alkaline tide

Pancreatic duct cells secreting HCO3- into lumen and H+ into interstitium

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8
Q

What is the function of amylase

A

Break down glucose polymers

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9
Q

What is the function of lipases

A

Digest triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterols

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10
Q

What is the function of proteases

A

Break down proteins to AA, di, tri and oligopeptides

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11
Q

___ cells secrete enzymatic components

A

Acinar cells

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12
Q

What is ecbolic secretion

A

Refers to protein secretion by Acinar cells

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13
Q

___ and ___ cells secrete electrolytes, bicarbonate and water

A

Centroacinar and ductal cells

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14
Q

What is hydroelatic secretion

A

Alkaline and watery secretion from duct cells

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15
Q

__cells modify the pancreatic juice

A

Ductal cells

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16
Q

Ductal cells modify pancreatic juice by removing __ and adding __ to render it more alkaline

A

Remove Cl- and add bicarbonate

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17
Q

Pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate into small intestine is essential for ___

A

Neutralizing gastric acid emptied into small intestine

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18
Q

How is bicarbonate secreted in the pancreatic juice

A

Via Cl/HCO3- exchanger

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19
Q

T or F: water follows bicarbonate in the secretion of pancreatic juice

A

True

*unlike salivary glands that have tight junctions impermeable to water

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20
Q

Composition of pancreatic juice depends on what

A

Rate of secretion/flow rate

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21
Q

At low flow rates __is the main anion ion in pancreatic juice

A

Cl-

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22
Q

At high flow rates __ concentration in pancreatic juice increases

A

Bicarbonate

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23
Q

Elevated levels of ___ stimulate secretory rate

24
Q

___ and ___ stimulate Acinar cells to secrete pro enzymes

A

CCK and gastrin

25
___ stimulates ductal cells to secrete water and bicarbonate
Secretin
26
___input stimulates both Acinar and ductal cells
Vagal
27
Describe the steps in stimulation of Acinar cells to production of pro enzymes
1. Small peptides, FA act on I cells 2. I cells release CCK 3. CCK and ACH (PNS/vagal) stimulation increases intracellular Ca2+ 4. Phosphorylation of structural and regulatory proteins
28
Describe the steps in stimulation of ductal cells to secrete bicarbonate
1. H+ ions act on S cells 2. S cells secrete secretin 3. Secretin drives chloride out of cell and ACh (PNS/vagal) drives HCO3- out and Cl- in (Cl-/HCO3- exchanger)
29
What are the two hormonal and one neural control to stimulate pancreatic secretion
Hormonal 1. CCK and gastrin stimulate Acinar cells 2. Secretin stimulates ductal cells Neural 1. Vagal input stimulates Acinar and ductal cells
30
What % of pancreatic secretion does the intestinal phase control
80%
31
In response to __ and __ in the duodenum CCK is released from __ cells. CCK enters circulation and stimulates ___
Fat and amino acids, I cells, Acinar cells
32
In response to __ and __ in stomach gastrin in released from __ cells and stimulates ___
Peptides and AA, G cells, Acinar cells
33
ACh, CCK, and gastrin stimulate __ secretion
Enzyme
34
In response to low ___ in the duodenum secretin is released from __ cells. Secretin stimulates __ cell secretion
PH, S cells and ductal cells
35
What is the enteropancreatic reflex
Peptides and AA stimulating gastrin to act on Acinar cells and fats and amino acids stimulating CCK to act on Acinar cells- form digestive enzymes Low pH stimulating secretin to secrete bicarbonate to neutralize acidic pH
36
Where are I cells found
Duodenum, jejunum and ileum
37
What stimulates I cells
Fatty acids and amino acids
38
What is the target for I cells
Acinar cells
39
What does CCK do to gallbladder
Contract
40
What does CCK do to pancreas
Acinar secretion
41
What does CCK do to stomach
Reduced gastric emptying
42
What does CCK do to sphincter on bile/pancreatic duct
Relaxes
43
CCK acting on gallbladder, pancreas, stomach and sphincter of bile/pancreatic duct ensures matching of ___
Ingesta delivery to digestive/absorptive capacity
44
Where do S cells exist
Duodenum
45
What stimulates S cells
Low pH <4.5
46
What is the target of S cells
Duct cells
47
Increasing levels of secretin ___secretory flow rate
Increases
48
Digestive enzymes are activated in the ___
Duodenum
49
Proenzyme, trypsinogen is cleaved by __
Enterokinase
50
Enterokinase cleaves trypinsogen to __ which then does what
Trypsin which then activates other pro enzymes
51
Why is proenzyme activation so complex in duodenum
Protective mechanism against autodigestion
52
What would be elevated on bloodwork that could indicate pancreatitis
Lipase levels
53
What is pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas with histological presence of edema, neutrophilic infiltrate and necrosis
54
Describe the difference between normal function of pancreas and then what happens during pancreatitis
Normal: pancreatic enzymes activated once in duodenum Pancreatitis: premature activation of enzymes in pancreatic duct resulting in autodigestion
55
What are two potential causes of pancreatitis
1. Obstruction keep from pancreatic enzymes exiting pancreatic duct and they will eventually activate and autodigest 2. Spontaneous trypsin cleavage
56
Pancreatitis causes __ and __ due to lack of enzymatic activity which can result in anorexia, lethargy, exercise intolerance/weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, fever, arrhythmia
Maldigestion and malabsorption
57
What is the key factor in intiating pancreatic inflammation
Activation of trypsin within Acinar cells

Physiology III (34 decks)

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