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Physiology III > Lecture 26: Forestomach Fermentative Digestion-1 > Flashcards

Lecture 26: Forestomach Fermentative Digestion-1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is fermentation

A

Metabolic processes performed by microorganisms that converts carbohydrates to acids, gases and/or ethanol

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2
Q

What plant component must be broken down by microbial fermentation

A

Fiber (cell wall)

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3
Q

What are the 3 carbohydrates from plants

A
  1. Fiber (cell wall)
  2. Sugar (cell content)
  3. Starch (endosperm)
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4
Q

What is crude protein composed of

A

Proteins and non-protein nitrogen sources

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5
Q

What is the role of non-protein nitrogen sources for the microbes and for host animal

A

NPN use urea, salts, ammonia, etc that can supply nitrogen to microbes and build microbial protein.

  1. Supplies the microbes
  2. Microbes are large source of protein to host animal as they get digested and sent to SI
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6
Q

Fats are added to ruminant diets as they are essential for fermentation but have negative effects on ___ and ___

A

Milk production and rumen fermentation

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7
Q

What are the 3 substrates needed for microbial fermentation

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Fats
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8
Q

Which is slower glandular digestion or fermentation

A

Fermentation

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9
Q

What are the fast fermenting carbohydrates

A

Sugars from the cell wall are easily digestible by both pancreatic enzymes and microbes

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10
Q

What carbohydrate is fermented down 2nd fastest

A

Starch from endosperm

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11
Q

What carbohydrate takes the longest to ferment and how long does it taken

A

Fiber takes around 2-3 days (60-70hrs)

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12
Q

___ movement/ ___ transit times facilitate reaction time in fermentation process

A

Slow, long

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13
Q

What are the fermentation chambers in foregut fermenters

A

Pre-stomach chambers

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14
Q

What are the fermentation chambers in hindgut fermenters

A

Colon and cecum

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15
Q

How long does glandular digestion take

A

Very fast 2-3hrs

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16
Q

How fast does fermentative digestion take

A

Variable (fast to slow) ~2-3 days

Slow due to fiber fermentation

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17
Q

How does the space in the stomach compare in glandular vs fermentative digestion

A

Stomach in glandular digestion is fairly small and fermentative chamber is large

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18
Q

What substrates are used in glandular digestion

A

Carbohydrates, proteins and fats

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19
Q

What substrates are used in fermentative digestion

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, non-protein nitrogen

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20
Q

What are the end products of glandular digestion

A

Mono, di and tri peptides, monosaccharides, Micelles

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21
Q

What is the end product of fermentative digestion

A

VFA, microbial protein and gases

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22
Q

Describe the microbial ecosystem in the GI track of cattle

A
  1. Cattle consume feed
  2. Rumen microbes break down feed
  3. Microbes grow
  4. Microbes produce byproducts including energy as VFA and protein
  5. Regulate rumen environment
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23
Q

What do microbes produce as byproducts

A
  1. VFA
  2. Proteins
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24
Q

Microbes initiate degradation of ___, ___ allele chemicals and soften certain substrates

A

Cellulose, detoxify

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25
Q

Microbial waste products are ___ used by mammalian host

A

short chain fatty acids

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26
Q

The microbes are ___ by mammalian host and provide microbial protein

A

Eaten

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27
Q

What is the largest proportion of microbe in rumen and hindgut

A

Bacteria

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28
Q

What do bacteria do in rumen and hindgut

A

Fiber fermentation and enzymatic break down of carbohydrates

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29
Q

What do fungi do in rumen and hindgut

A

Cellulose activity

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30
Q

What do Protozoa do in rumen and hindgut

A
  1. Ferment fiber
  2. Ingest bacteria (regulate growth)
  3. Slow digestion of rapidly fermenting starch by ingesting/storing
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31
Q

What microbe in rumen and hindgut regulates bacterial growth

A

Protozoa

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32
Q

___are the end product of anaerobic microbial metabolism

A

VFA’s

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33
Q

What do VFA’s do to pH and how does the body respond

A

Lower pH, but is buffered by saliva which has bicarbonate in it

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34
Q

What breaks down pyruvate to acetate and butyrate

A

Acetyl-CoA

35
Q

Pyruvate break down results in production of __

A

VFA

36
Q

What breaks down pyruvate to propionate

A

Lactate and succinate

37
Q

What breaks down pentoses to acetate

A

Acetylphosphate

38
Q

Microbes are ___specific

A

Substrate

39
Q

What microbe species are involved in fermentation breakdown to VFA’s

A

Cellulolytic, hemicelulolytic, pectinolytic

40
Q

What microbe species break down organic polymers (cellulose, starch, hemicelluose) to soluble sugars

A

Amylolytic species

41
Q

What microbe species produce methane in fermentation process

A

Methane producing species

42
Q

What microbe species produce acetate in fermentation process

A

Acids utilizing species

43
Q

What is VitB12 essential for

A

Cell growth and maturation, brain development, blood synthesis and epithelial repair in GI tract

44
Q

What is another name for vitamin b12

A

Dietary Cbl

45
Q

How is vitamin b12/dietary Cbl transported normally

A
  1. Dietary Cbl bound to R proteins and intrinsic factor
    - R protein is secreted b saliva, gastric cells and pancreas
    - IF secreted by parietal cells
  2. R protein is digested in duodenum and the released Cbl forms more IF-Cbl complexes
  3. In ileum the IF-Cbl complex is recognized and the Cbl is absorbed by endocytosis
46
Q

What secretes R protein

A

Saliva, gastric cells and pancreas

47
Q

What secretes IF

A

Parietal cells

48
Q

How is B12 supplied to animal

A

Diet and/or microbial production

49
Q

Where is Cbl stored and for how long

A

Liver and muscle store Cbl for a few weeks

50
Q

What can cause damage to the supply of B12

A
  1. Insufficient dietary
  2. Insufficient transport proteins (R and F)
  3. Reduced microbial production due to cobalt deficiency in diet of ruminant **microbes produce B12
51
Q

What can cause a reduction in R protein or IF production therefore resulting in B12 deficiency

A

Inflammation in stomach or SI

52
Q

Ruminant microbes can produce B12 but must be supplemented for __

A

Cobalt

53
Q

What is the equation for microbial yield

A

Mass of microbial dry matter/mass of substrate needed

54
Q

A high microbial yield provides an important ___source for ruminant

A

Protein

55
Q

Yield is affected by __, ___, ___ and __

A
  1. Temperature
  2. PH
  3. Dilution rate of rumen fluid
  4. C/N ratio in diet
56
Q

What is dilution rate in microbial yield

A

Large saliva volumes stabilize pH and provide fluid for dilution

57
Q

__protein is a major source of protein for the host

A

Microbial

58
Q

What is the C/N ratio of feed for livestock

A

Carbon to nitrogen ratio of mass of carbon to mass of nitrogen

59
Q

The is the C/N of vascular plants

A

> 20

60
Q

Carbon to nitrogen ratios are an indicator for ___

A

Nitrogen limitation of rumen microorganisms

61
Q

How does an increase C/N ratio affect microbial growth rate

A

Ample energy but insufficient nitrogen so the available energy is used by microbes for maintenance rather than growth

62
Q

What does a decreased C/N ratio do to microbial growth rate

A

Ample N to support growth, but insufficient energy for maintenance, therefore available energy is used by microbes for maintenance rather than growth

63
Q

Increased or decrease glucose/protein ratios will ___ the microbial yield

A

Lower

64
Q

A matched glucose/protein ratio will ____microbial yield

A

Maximize

65
Q

Where is urea formed

A

Liver

66
Q

How is hepatic urea formed

A

Deamination of endogenous amino acids as well as from nitrogen absorbed as ammonium

67
Q

Where is urea transported to

A

Liver

68
Q

Urea is mostly excreted in urine but in ruminant urea can be ___ and returned to rumen via ___

A

Recycled, saliva

69
Q

Urea adds to the ___source

A

Non-protein nitrogen source

70
Q

Nitrogen flow to and from the rumen depends on ___

A

Rumen ammonia concentration

71
Q

What happens to urea if there is high nutritional protein concentration

A

Causes high blood urea and much of it will be secreted in the urine

72
Q

What happens to urea if there is low nutritional protein with high carbohydrate availability

A

Leads to low rumen ammonia availability and this will stimulate nitrogen flow to rumen

73
Q

What stimulates nitrogen flow to the rumen

A

Low rumen ammonia

74
Q

The nitrogen portion of urea is used as building block for production of ___ by ___

A

Protein by rumen microbes

75
Q

What byproduct is released from urea

A

Ammonia

76
Q

What are the two pathways for ammonia after released from urea

A
  1. Produce microbial proteins
  2. Liver where it is detoxified and excreted in urea
77
Q

What can result from excess urea in diet

A

Overwhelm liver and toxicity can occur

78
Q

Describe a closed system of microbial growth with lag, log, stationary and decline phase

A
  1. Lag: adjustment period after cells are initially cultured, nothing happens
  2. Log/exponential: cells start dividing and increase #
  3. Stationary
  4. Decline
79
Q

Why does microbial growth decline in a closed system

A

Because nutrients exhaust and conditions (pH and oxygen) become unfavorable due to inability to remove waste

80
Q

Is the rumen an open or closed system

A

Open

81
Q

What does the rumens open system promote

A

Continuous growth of microbes maintaining cell population in log/exponential phase

82
Q

Why/how is the rumen an open system

A
  1. Continuous feed input
  2. Gas released, VFA absorbed, buffers
  3. Movement of rumen contents (microbes, undigestible material, VFA microbial waste) into omasum
83
Q

What are some ways in which the rumens open system can be damaged and cause it to enter stationary and eventually death phase

A
  1. Diet inappropriate
  2. Can’t get rid of waste
  3. Lack of buffers released in saliva, acidic

Physiology III (34 decks)

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