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Physiology III > Lecture 11: Central Control of Movement > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Central Control of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What structures make up the forebrain

A

Cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus

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2
Q

What is the major relay center of the brain, master controller

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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3
Q

What structure in the CNS links the brain stem and cerebrum with ascending and descending fibers. Contains visual and auditory relay circuits

A

Midbrain

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4
Q

What structure in the CNS is derived from neural tube during development

A

Pons and cerebellum

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5
Q

What structure in the CNS contains fiber tracts and relays between cerebellum and cerebrum

A

Pons

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6
Q

What is the suprasegmental structure in the brain stem

A

Cerebellum

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7
Q

What structure in the CNS contains fiber tracts that relay circuits that control breathing, HR, and visceral function

A

Medulla oblongata

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8
Q

Describe the flow of information through the brain

A
  1. Information flows from sensory neurons to
  2. Primary sensory cortex to
  3. Sensory association cortex to
  4. Multimodal association cortices to
  5. Premotor cortex to
  6. Primary motor cortex
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9
Q

What does the multimodal association cortices do

A

Gives meaning to information, stores information in memory, decision making areas

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10
Q

The multimodal association cortices relays decisions to ___

A

Premotor cortex

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11
Q

What cortex results in movement and action

A

Primary motor cortex

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12
Q

What are three other important brain circuits send information to the cortex

A
  1. Basal nuclei and cerebellum
  2. Limbic system
  3. Reticular activating network
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13
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe

A

Auditory processing

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14
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe

A

Visual processing

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15
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe

A

Auditory processing and memory

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16
Q

What is the function of the motor cortex

A

Motor processing, decision making, mood

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17
Q

What are the three regions of the motor cortex

A
  1. Premotor
  2. Supplementary motor
  3. Primary motor
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18
Q

Neurons in the ____ and ___ motor areas are linked to primary motor cortex

A

Premotor and supplementary motor

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19
Q

What is the motor homunculus

A

Map of body on the cortex, meaning nearby neurons have similar function

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20
Q

UMN and LMN connect cortex to ____

A

Target muscles

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21
Q

UMN start in motor cortex and reach LMN via the ___ or ___ tracts

A

Corticospinal or corticobulbar

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22
Q

What pathway has UMN terminate in the brain stem

A

Corticobulbar pathway

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23
Q

What pathway has UMN terminate in the spinal cord

A

Corticospinal pathway

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24
Q

CN I- name and function

A

Olfactory- smell

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25
Q

CN II- name and function

A

Optic- vision

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26
Q

CN III name and function

A

Oculomotor- eyeball and eyelid movement, pupil contradiction, focus of the lens

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27
Q

CN IV- name and function

A

Trochlear- eyeball movement and proprioception

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28
Q

CN V name and function

A

Trigeminal- chewing, somatic sensations of the face and mouth

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29
Q

CN VI name and function

A

Abducens-eyeball movement and proprioception

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30
Q

CN VII name and function

A

Facial- facial expression, secretion of saliva and tears, taste from front of tongue

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31
Q

CN VIII name and function

A

Vestibulocochlear- hearing and equilibrium

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32
Q

CN IX name and function

A

Glossopharyngeal- swallowing and secretion of saliva. Taste from back of tongue, somatic sensation in mouth

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33
Q

CN X name and function

A

Vagus efferent output for skeletal muscles of pharynx and larynx. PNS smooth muscles and glands of abdominal cavity. Cardiac regulation. Afferent input from thoracic and abdominal organs, blood pressure monitoring

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34
Q

CN XI name and function

A

Accessory- efferent output for skeletal muscles of the pharynx, larynx, neck and shoulder

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35
Q

CN XII name and function

A

Hypoglossal- tongue movement

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36
Q

Describe the corticobulbar tract

A
  1. UMN arise from lateral primary motor cortex
  2. Synapse on LMN in brain stem
  3. LMN run through cranial nerves and determine motor control of head and neck
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37
Q

Which cranial nerves are LMN

A

III- VII, XI- XIII

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38
Q

Which cranial nerves are tested in pupillary light reflex

A

II and III

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39
Q

Which of the two, CN II or CN III is efferent

A

CN II- afferent
CN III= efferent

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40
Q

Where do UMN decussate in the corticospinal tract

A

Caudal end of medulla

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41
Q

90% of UMN in corticospinal tract do what

A

Decussate- Cross the midline to enter the spinal cord on opposite side

42
Q

10% of UMN in corticospinal tract do what

A

Continue down spinal cord without crossing

43
Q

LMN are ___motorneurons that innervate skeletal muscles

A

Alpha-motor neurons

44
Q

LMN from the lateral part of the ventral horn innervate ___

A

Muscles of distal limbs

45
Q

LMN from the medial part of the ventral horn innervate ___

A

Axial muscles and muscles of the proximal limbs

46
Q

Where are neurons in the extrapryamidal system located

A

Neurons are located in the nuclei of the brain stem:

  1. Red nucleus
  2. Reticular formation
  3. Vestibular nucleus
  4. Tectum
47
Q

Damage to the extrapyramidal tracts is associated with ___ and ___ pathology

A

Hypertonic and hypotonic pathology

48
Q

What is decerebrate rigidity

A

Condition of increased muscle tone and stretch reflexes, particularly the extensor muscles resulting in extensor hypertonia

*absence of flexor muscle activity

49
Q

What is opsithotonus

A

Spasm of muscles causing backward arching of head and neck

50
Q

What extrapyramidal dysfunction occurs is the decerebrate rigidity (commonly a result of HBC)

A

Damage to red nucleus—>rubrospinal tract

51
Q

What extrapyramidal neurons receive information from motor cortices

A

Red and reticular

52
Q

What extrapyramidal neurons receive information from sensory organs in head

A

Superior and vestibular nuclei

53
Q

The red nucleus receives input from….

A

Motor cortex and cerebellum

54
Q

rubrospinal tract neurons provide excitation to LMN that control ___muscles in neck and proximal limbs, but inhibit ____muscles in limbs

A

Excite flexors, inhibit extensors

55
Q

Is the rubrospinal activation voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary

56
Q

Damage to the rubrospinal tract causes extensor ___

A

Extensor hypertonian(can’t provide inhibition to extensors and can’t activate flexors so get excessive extension of limbs)

57
Q

Is the reticulospinal tract voluntary or involuntary

A

Involuntary extensor and flexor control

58
Q

What is the pontine reticulospinal tract

A

Neurons excite alpha and gamma neurons to extensor muscles

59
Q

What is the medullar reticulospinal tract

A

Neurons inhibit pontine tract, therefore inhibit extensor muscles

60
Q

The reticulospinal tract allows for balance in descending influences onto ___ and ___ muscles and ___co-activation

A

Balance extensor and flexors
Alpha-gamma co-activation

61
Q

Lesions to the reticulospinal tract will decrease ___ control

A

Postural

62
Q

Injury to excitatory fibers of the reticular formation can result in ___

A

Hypotonia (flaccidity)

63
Q

Injury to inhibitory fibers of the reticular formation can result in ___

A

Hypertonia (spasticity)

64
Q

Where does the vestibular nucleus receive information from

A

Vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and cerebellum

65
Q

The vestibulospinal tract controls __

A

Body position and balance

66
Q

Damage to the vestibulospinal tract causes ___

A

Hypotonia

67
Q

The tectospinal tract (superior/rostral colliculus) receive input about ___

A

Visual, auditory and somatosensory inputs about environmental stimuli

68
Q

The tectospinal tract is involved in reflex orientation of ____ and ___ towards environmental stimuli

A

Head and eyes

69
Q

The tectospinal tract controls the ___ and ___ musculature of the head

A

Axial and proximal

70
Q

Damage to the tectospinal tract results in

A

Inability to orient head towards and fix gaze on an object

71
Q

Do UMN in pyramidal tract transfer voluntary or involuntary motor action

A

Voluntary

72
Q

Which tract exert control on LMN to increase fine control

A

Extrapyramidal tracts

73
Q

Damage to ___ can cause inability to move, inappropriate movements (hyperreflexia), increased muscle tone and possible muscle atrophy

A

UMN

74
Q

Damage to __ can cause inappropriate or absence of movement, hyporreflexia, flaccid muscles, paraplegia, muscle atrophy and reduced muscle tone

A

LMN

75
Q

In feline diabetic neuropathy are LMN or UMN affected

A

LMN

76
Q

LMN neuropathy occurs in feline diabetics because….

A

Axons die due to lack of delivery of metabolites

*longest axons most susceptible

77
Q

What is muscle tone

A

Refers to resting level of tension in the muscle

78
Q

Appropriate muscle tone allows muscle to…

A

Respond to nerve commands, maintaining posture and activity

79
Q

Muscle tone is a result of resting level of discharge of ___motor neurons

A

Alpha

80
Q

What is the major regulator of alpha motor neurons in maintaining muscle tone

A

Afferent muscle spindles

81
Q

What is the role of alpha-gamma co-activation in muscle tone

A

Gamma efferent system regulates the resting level of activity in spindle afferents and establishes baseline level of alpha motor neuron activity in absence of muscle stretch

82
Q

Reduced muscle tone is a result of damage to

A

Alpha-motor neuron (LMN)

83
Q

Increased muscle tone is a result of damage to

A

UMN, lesion disturbs balance of supraspinal inhibitory and excitatory producing state of net disinhibition

84
Q

Decerebrate rigidity is a result of trauma/lesion to where

A

Head trauma, specifically lesion to midbrain

85
Q

In relation to other structures in the brain where is the damage located in decerebrate rigidity (above and below what structures)

A

Above the pons, medulla and vestibular nuclei, below the red nucleus

86
Q

Where do pyramidal tracts descend from

A

Spinal cord or brain stem (corticospinal and corticobulbar)

87
Q

__% of corticospinal tracts decussate in medulla and __% cross in the spinal cord

A

90%, 10%

88
Q

What is the function of the lateral pyramidal tract

A

Fine movement

89
Q

What is the function of the ventral pyramidal tract

A

Postural movement

90
Q

Where do the extrapyramidal tracts originate

A

Brain stem nuclei

91
Q

All of the extrapyramidal tracts cross to the Contralateral side except ___

A

Vestibulospinal

92
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulospinal tract

A

Body posture, involuntary movements, modulation

93
Q

What are the reflexes like in damage to UMN

A

Hyperreflexia

94
Q

What is the atrophy like in patients with UMN damage

A

Late and mild

95
Q

What is the tone like in patients with UMN damange

A

Weakness, spasticity, increased tone, loss of fine voluntary movement

96
Q

Where is the location of UMN syndrome

A

Brain, C1-C5, T3-L3

97
Q

What are the reflexes like in LMN syndrome

A

Hyporreflexia

98
Q

What is the atrophy like in LMN syndrome

A

Rapid and severe

99
Q

What is the tone like in patient with LMN syndrome

A

Weakness, paralysis, decreased tone, fasciculations, and fibrillations

100
Q

Where is the location of LMN syndrome

A

C6-T2, L4-S3

Physiology III (34 decks)

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