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Physiology III > Lecture 16: Cerebrospinal fluid and Blood Brain Barrier > Flashcards

Lecture 16: Cerebrospinal fluid and Blood Brain Barrier Flashcards

1
Q

what three structures help stabilize the neurons in the CNS

A
  1. BBB
  2. Choroid plexus
  3. CSF
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2
Q

___fluid in the brain is continuous with CSF

A

Interstitial fluid

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3
Q

What is the purpose of meninges

A

Cover and protect the CNS, protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses, contain CSF, source of growth factors

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4
Q

What are the three meninges

A
  1. Dura
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia mater
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5
Q

What is the dura mater

A

Outermost layer, two fibrous CT layers

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6
Q

What is the arachnoid mater

A

Middle me I’ve which forms a loose brain covering

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7
Q

What is the subarachnoid space

A

Space beneath the arachnoid that is filled with CSF and large blood vessels

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8
Q

What is the pia mater

A

Innermost layer composed of delicate CT that associates tightly to ependymal cells of the brain

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9
Q

Ventricles are filled with ___ and lined with ____ cells

A

CSF and lined with ependymal cells

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10
Q

What are the 4 ventricles in the brain

A

2 lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, 4th ventricle

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11
Q

Where is the third ventricle located

A

Level of thalamus

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12
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located

A

Brain stem

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13
Q

What connects the ventricles

A

Aqueducts

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14
Q

What shape are the ependymal cells

A

Squamous to columnar

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15
Q

What do ependymal cells line

A

Brain surface, ventricles, and choroid plexus

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16
Q

What are the 3 functions of ependymal cells in the CNS

A
  1. Undergo cellular proliferation to serve as a source of stem cells for new neurons and glial cells in the brain
  2. Help produce CSF from blood plasma
  3. In ventricles, help form and circulate CSF
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17
Q

Disrupting the movement of __ can affect movement of CSF

A

Cilia

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18
Q

Describe the circulation of CSF

A
  1. Flows through the intraventricular foramina to 3rd ventricle
  2. 3rd ventricle flows through cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle
  3. CSF exits the 4th ventricle through the lateral and median apertures and enters subarachnoid space
  4. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space to the arachnoid granulations in the superior Sagittarius sinus where is enters venous circulation
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19
Q

Removal of CSF occurs primarily in the ___

A

Sagittal sinus

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20
Q

Where is the dorsal sagittal sinus located

A

Between two hemispheres

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21
Q

CSF is absorbed across the ___ into the venous circulation by drainage into lymphatic vessels

A

Arachnoid villi

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22
Q

Describe the pressure differences between the CSF and venous system

A

CSF pressure is greater than venous system and therefore makes a one-way flow of fluid out of the brain

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23
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

Increased CSF volume in the skull associated with increased intracranial pressure

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24
Q

What is non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

Blockage of CSF movement through the cerebral aqueduct or the lateral or medial apertures

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25
Q

Non-communicating hydrocephalus is also known as

A

Internal hydrocephalus

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26
Q

Where does pressure increase in non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

Pressure increased internally and ventricles expand

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27
Q

What are some potential causes of non-communicating hydrocephalus

A
  1. Secondary to feline infectious peritonitis
  2. Congenital disorder
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28
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus

A

Impairment of absorption into dorsal sagittal sinus

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29
Q

What is communicating hydrocephalus also known as

A

External hydrocephalus

30
Q

Where is the blockage in communicating hydrocephalus

A

Arachnoid villi in the foramen of Luschka

31
Q

Where does the pressure occur in communicating hydrocephalus

A

Outside of brain

32
Q

What is a treatment option for hydrocephalus

A

Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt

33
Q

What are some causes of hydrocephalus

A
  1. Congenital in brachycephalic toy breeds
  2. Inflammation of meninges
  3. Tetrogenic viruses during fetal development
  4. Brain stem tumors
  5. Vitamin A deficiency in calves and birds
  6. Plant toxins from Veracruz californium or astragalus
34
Q

What are the two locations for a CSF tap

A
  1. Cisterns manga- subarachnoid space cranial to C1 and caudal to occipital bone
  2. Subarachnoid space in lumbar spine
35
Q

Where do you collect CSF in lumbar spine

A

L5-6, or L6-7

36
Q

What are the normal protein levels in cisternal tap

A

<35 mg/dL

37
Q

What are the normal protein levels in the lumbar tap

A

<45-50 mg/dL

38
Q

What are the glucose levels in the cisternal taps

A

60-80% BG

39
Q

What are the glucose levels in lumbar tap

A

60-80% BG

40
Q

What is the normal RBC in cisternal and lumbar taps

A

0 cells/uL

41
Q

What is the normal WBC in cisternal tap

A

< 4 cells/uL

42
Q

What is the normal WBC in lumbar tap

A

<8-10 cells/uL

43
Q

Where is CSF located

A

Ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

44
Q

Where is CSF formed

A

Choroid plexus

45
Q

CSF is absorbed in the sagittal sinus for venous return via the ___

A

Arachnoid villi

46
Q

CSF and brain interstitial fluid are formed by…

A

Selective movement of solutes across the BBB

47
Q

Compared to blood serum what are the K+ levels like in CSF

A

CSF has lower K+ levels

48
Q

Does the CSF have more or less proteins than blood serum

A

Less

49
Q

T or F: CSF and blood serum have similar osmolarity

A

True, otherwise there would be fluid imbalance

50
Q

Why does the CSF facilitate movement of ions down concentration gradients

A

To facilitate uptake into the brain

51
Q

what ions are influxed into the CSF

A

Na+, HCO3-, Cl-

52
Q

Na+, HCO3- and Cl- create osmotic gradient by which ___ is taken into CSF

A

Water

53
Q

What are the 4 components of the BBB

A
  1. Endothelial cells
  2. Tight junctions, adherence junctions, desmosomes
  3. Basement membrane
  4. Glia (astrocytes)
54
Q

How does exchange occur at the BBB

A

Transport through endothelial cell channels

55
Q

BBB is infective against what substances

A

Lipophilic substances like steroids, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide

Diffuse through plasma membrane

56
Q

where is the BBB absent and why

A

Absent in vomiting centers and hypothalamus allowing the ability to monitor the chemical composition of blood and release hormones to the body

57
Q

Brain capillaries interact with ___ and __ to selectively control movement of materials into the brain

A

Astrocytes and pericytes

58
Q

What are the selective entry mechanisms through the BBB

A
  1. Diffusion of lipid soluble substances
  2. Receptor mediated transport
59
Q

What two things function in BBB to remove or avoid entry of toxic substances

A

Metabolic barriers ad P-glycoprotein

60
Q

What is the energy source for the brain during starvation, used in place of glucose

A

Ketone bodies

61
Q

CO2 diffuses across the BBB and increases proton concentration, how does the body respond

A

Chemoreceptors in the brain will increase breathing to combat acidosis

62
Q

What GLUT receptor is responsible for low level basal glucose uptake. Occurs in endothelial cells and astrocytes

A

GLUT1

63
Q

What GLUT receptor is a high affinity isoform that is mainly present in neurons

A

GLUT3

64
Q

What does P-gp/ MDR1 do

A

Removes large lipophilic molecules from the CSF

65
Q

How does P-gp work

A

ATP driven efflux transporter pumps substrates out of the cells

Promotes elimination of drugs into bile and urine

66
Q

What does the drug amitriptyline do

A

Temporarily inhibit the blood brain barrier

67
Q

What are macrocylic lactones

A

Broad antiparasitic against larval nematodes and arthropods

68
Q

What breed does ivermectin cause neurotoxicity in and why

A

Collies, mutation in MDR1 mutation so therefore ivermectin crosses BBB and is unable to be removed

69
Q

Collies given 100-120mg/kg ivermectin will have what symptoms

A

Mydriasis, ataxia and depression

70
Q

How does ivermectin work once it passes BBB in collies

A

Binds GABA gated Cl- channels, impairing GABA signaling

Physiology III (34 decks)

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