Lecture 37 - Avian anatomy Flashcards
What is the composition of avian bone?
Light, compact, and strong
Greater calcium phosphate content
How many avian zoonotic disease have been described?
15
What is different about the vertebrae of birds?
Considerable fusion of the spine
How are the bones modified for air sacs?
Pneumatization
What is different about the pelvis in birds?
Open ventrally
What are the three regions of the avian spine?
Notorium - Synsacrum - Pygostyle
What makes up the notorium?
Fusion of T 1-3
What makes up the synsacrum?
Fusion of T7, L, S, and C1
What makes up the pygostyle?
C 2-5
What are the two major extrinsic flight muscles?
Pectoralis
– and –
Supracoracoideus
What is the action of the pectoralis?
Pull the wings down
What is the action of the supracoracoideus?
Raise the wings
What are the major characteristics of the digestive organs in birds?
Relatively small
Highly efficient due to high metabolic rate
What is different about the avian stomach?
Crop - esophageal diverticulum
Two chambered stomach
What is the cloaca?
Digestive, urinary, and reproduction terminus
What is the function of the crop?
Food storage
Partial food digestion
Production of crop milk
What is crop milk?
Crumbly material made of desquamated lipid-laden epithelial cells mix with ingested food
What is partially digested in the crop?
Carbohydrates via amylase
What avians are missing a crop?
Owls, gulls, and penguins
What are the two portions of the stomach?
Proventriculus
Ventriculus
What is the function of the Proventriculus?
Glandular stomach - contains glands that secrete hydrochloric acin and mucous
What is the function of the ventriculus?
Muscular stomach - contains tubular glands that produce secretion rich in carbohydrates and proteins
What is another name for the ventriculus?
Gizzard
What is Meckel’s diverticulum?.
Normal remnant of yolk sac
What is different about the vocal organ in a bird?
Separated from the larynx - syrinx
What are the basic characteristics of the avian lung?
Small and dont expand
What allows for one way air flow in birds?
Segregation of ventilation and exchange
What are the four sacs?
Cervical - Clavicular - Cranial thoracic - Abdominal
What is missing from a birds urogenital area?
Renal pelvis Bladder Urethra Male accessory glands Right oviduct
What are the three parts of the male reproductive organs?
Testis
Epididymis
Deferent duct
What produces the seminal fluid in the bird?
Cell lining of the deferent duct
Testes
Why is the lymph supply needed for in the phallus?
Tumescence and protrusion
What are the two types of penises in avians?
Galliformes - Cloacal kiss
Anseriformes - protrusible
What are the five portions of the female repro-tract?
Infundibulum Magnum Isthmus Uterus Vagina
What is the function of the infundibulum?
Receives ovum
Conveys and stores sperm
Fertilization
Chalaziferous layer
What is the function of the magnum?
Conveys sperm
Secretes albumen, Na, Ca, and Mg
What is the function of the isthmus?
Conveys sperm
Secretes albumen
Produces the shell membranes
What is the function of the uterus?
Convey sperm
Secrete watery albumen
Deposit shell and cuticle
What is the function of the vagina?
Egg expulsion
Convey sperm
Receives sperm
How long and how much time is spend in the infundibulum?
7 cm
15 min
How long and how much time is spend in the magnum?
30 cm
3 hr
How long and how much time is spend in the Isthmus?
8 cm
1 hr
How long and how much time is spend in the uterus?
8 cm
20 hr
How long and how much time is spend in the vagina?
7 cm
~1 min
What is different about the vascular system of avians?
Presence of pectoral trunk
Different terminal branching of aorta
2 cranial vena cava, jugular anastomosis, and renal portal vein
What are the big lymphatic organs?
BALT
– and –
GALT
Where is balt?
Bronchi and lungs
Where is GALT?
Liver - Intestines - Pancreas - Kidney
What lymphatic organ is in the colo-rectal area?
Cecal tonsil
What produces B cells in the bird?
Colacal bursa
