Lecture 33 - Mammalian teeth Flashcards by Raegan Chambers

What does a higher metabolic rate allow for?

Higher rate of sustained activity

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What are the advantages of endothermy?

Exploit wider range of thermal environments

Mammals can have a higher basal metabolic rate

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What is thecodonty?

Mammal’s teeth are anchored within bony sockets of the jaw

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What is diphyodonty?

Mammals have two different sets of dentition

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What are the two sets of dentition?

Milk drinking
– and –
Permanent

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What is heterodonty?

Mammals have different teeth in different parts of the mouth that have different functions

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What direction is mesial?

Towards anterior portion of the mouth

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What is distal?

Towards posterior portion of the mouth

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What is lingual?

Towards the tongue

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What is buccal?

Towards the cheek

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What is labial?

Towards the lips

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What are the two regions of the tooth?

Crown and root

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What covers the crown?

Enamel

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What covers the root?

Cementum

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What makes up most of the tooth?

Detine

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What is within pulp?

Nerves and blood vessels

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What do the nerves and vessels enter the tooth through?

Apical foramen

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What is the boney socket in which the tooth is called?

Alveolus

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What holds in the tooth?

Periodontal ligament

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What are the four types of mammalian teeth?

Incisors - Canines - Premolars - Molars

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What are molars for?

Fracturing

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What are premolars for?

Fracturing

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What are canines for?

Gripping

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What are incisors used for?

Gripping and cracking

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What is the dental formula for marsupials (metatherians)?

I5-C1-P3-M4 | I4-C1-P3-M$

What is the dental formula for eutherians (placental mammals)?

I3-C1-P3-M4 | same

What is the dental formula for dogs?

I3-C1-P4-M2 | I3-C1-P4-M3

What is the dental formula for cats?

I3-C1-P3-M1 | I3-C1-P2-M1

What are pigs dental formula?

Same as eutherians

What is polyphyodonty?

Teeth are constantly replaced

Where is the primordium of the permanent tooth located in relation to the deciduous tooth?

Lingual side

What part of the permanent tooth forms first?

Crown

What happens before the permanent tooth can push out the deciduous?

Root of the deciduous is resorbed

What pushes the permanent tooth up?

Formation of the root

What is different about the formation of molars?

Only have permanent?

Why is grip important?

Grasping food item and transferring to mouth

Why do animals chew?

To fracture food

What does soft food require from teeth?

Long slices

What does tough shelled with soft contents require from teeth?

Puncturing and/or cracking of shell with little processing after

What does softer shell with inner contents that require processing need from teeth?

Puncturing and/or cracking of shell with crushing/grinding of inner contents

What does tough fibrous materials need for processing?

Large amount of grinding and maceration to break down cellulose

What is imprecise occlusion?

Cusps of contact surface cheek teeth do not occlude accurately with each other

What is precise occlusion?

Cheek teeth occlude precisely with each other in a proscribed manner that is associated directly with food processing

What is different about carnivora teeth?

Upper teeth bite on buccal side of lower ones in shearing motion Preludes lateral movement of the jaw No grinding

What are large incisors and canines for in carnivora?

For capturing prey and removing large chunks

What are carnassial teeth?

Upper P4 and lower M1

What are carnassial teeth used for?

Form two long blades that act like scissors to slice meat

What is another name for carnassial teeth?

Sectorial teeth

What are bunodont teeth?

Teeth that have low-rounded cusps

What animals have bunodont teeth?

Gorilla and wild boar

What happens as animal ages with bunodont teeth?

Create dentine pits or bowls which opposing cusps fit

What has occurred with swine canines?

Have become tusks

What is the function of tusks?

Fighting

When do canines stop growing in sows?

2 years

What are two adaptations of a herbivore diet?

Browsing and Grazing

What is a browsing diet?

Woody dicot plants

What is a grazing diet?

Primarily monocot plants

What are lophodont teeth?

Teeth with ridges connecting molar cusps

What are loxodont teeth?

Extreme lophodonty

What animals have lophodont teeth?

Chinchillam Taprius

What animals have loxodont teeth?

Mammoths and elephants | Some rodents

What are selenodont teeth?

Teeth with long mesio-distal crescent

What animal have selenodont teeth?

American bison

What is brachydonty?

Low-crowned teeth | With longer roots

What is hypsodonty?

High-crowned teeth with long crowns and short roots

What is high amount of hypsodonty related to?

Exogenous grit in diet

What is lacking in ruminants?

Upper incisors and canine

What is lower canine called in ruminants?

Fourth incisor

What is a diastema?

Space between anterior and cheek teeth

What is the adaptation of the dental pad in browsers?

Narrower - allows for finer control of what food parts are consumed

What is the adaptation of the dental pad in grazers?

Wide dental pad - Allows for cropping of more grass with each bite

What is the structure of the decidous incisors of a newborn calf?

Enamel still surrounds the crown

What happens to the teeth of a two year old ruminant?

I1 has been replaced | Distal border of I1 is slightly word, dentine is exposed

What is the characteristics of tooth wear in a three and a half year old calf?

I1, 2, and 3 are permanent I4 still deciduous Occlusal surface of I2 - wider than I 3

What is the characteristics of tooth wear in a eight year old ruminant?

Lingual edge of occlusal surgace of I1 and 2 is smooth

What are the characteristics of the cheek teeth in ruminants?

Selenodont Hypsodont Increase in size distally

What are the characteristics of a grazer's incisors?

Hypsodont | Roots converge so upper and dental arcades form wide grasping surface

What are the characteristics of canines in grazers?

usual only males Large roots into maxillary sinus Small crowns

What are the characteristics of cheek teeth?

Selenodont | Complex enamel folding - florets

What is a wolf tooth?

Upper P1 - often fails to develope

What are dental caries?

Cavity formed in the enamel and dentine of the tooth