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Anatomy > Lecture 2/3 - Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

Lecture 2/3 - Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What is the characteristic of the CT cartilage?

A

Specialized w/ abundance of ECM

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2
Q

What is the composition of ECM in cartilage?

A

Firm, w/ GAG’s, proteoglycans, and collagen fibers

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3
Q

Why is the ECM of cartilage firm?

A

Bears a lot of mechanical stress

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4
Q

What do PG’s interact with?

A

the collagen fibers

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5
Q

What are the three type of cartilages?

A

Hyaline, Elastic, and Fibrocartilage

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6
Q

What kind of blood support does cartilage have?

A

Avasular, relies heavily on CT for diffusion

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7
Q

What is missing (2 things) from cartilage?

A

Lymphatics and innervation

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8
Q

What are present in lacunae?

A

Chondrocytes

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9
Q

What do chondrocytes do?

A

secrete ECM

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10
Q

What are the layers of the perichondrium?

A

Outer fibrous layer and inner cellular layer

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the fibrous layer?

A

Dense CT, collagen, fibroblasts, and avascular

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12
Q

What type of collage is in the fibrous layer?

A

Type 1 collagen

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13
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

CT surrounding elastic and SOME hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

What is present within the cellular layer?

A

Chondrogenic cells

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15
Q

What are chondrogenic cells?

A

cartilage stem cells

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16
Q

Why is the perichondrium important?

A

appositional growth, maintenance, and some repair

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17
Q

What can chondrocytes form?

A

Isogenous groups since they are mitotic

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18
Q

What cells secrete ECM in cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes and chondroblasts

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19
Q

What type of collagen do ALL cartilage types contain?

A

Type II

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20
Q

What other collagen type does fibrocartilage have?

A

Type I collagen

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21
Q

What other collagen type does elastic cartilage have?

A

elastic

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22
Q

What do PG’s do?

A

Shock absorbers, resist compression

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23
Q

Why is it beneficial that they interact with Type II fibers?

A

Combines strength with resiliency

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24
Q

What do adhesive glycoproteins do?

A

Help bind cells to ECM

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25
Q

What are the two ways cartilage can grow?

A

Appositional or Interstitial

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26
Q

What is Appositional growth?

A

Growth on surface, chondrogenic cells differentiate into chondroblasts (secrete ECM)
NEED perichondrium

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27
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

Growth from within

Chondrocytes mitosis/ECM secretion

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28
Q

What limits cartilage growth?

A

Avascular, can’t grow beyond capability of diffusion

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29
Q

What are the downsides of cartilage?

A

Size limited and poor regenerative capacity

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30
Q

What limit s cartilage repair?

A

avascular and chondrocyte immobility

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31
Q

What can limited repair be intiated by?

A

Perichondrium

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32
Q

What occurs with cartilage repair?

A

Scarring = dense CT

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33
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Nose, articular cart., larynx, costal cart., etc

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34
Q

What is the function of hyaline cartilage?

A

Structural support (resist compression), bone growth, and repair

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35
Q

How does hyaline cartilage aid in bone growth?

A

Long bone template and growth plates

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36
Q

What type of growth occurs with hyaline cartilage?

A

Appositional and interstitial

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37
Q

What hyaline cartilage doesn’t have perichondrium?

A

Articular and Epiphyseal growth plates

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38
Q

In what state are chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage?

A

Isogenous groups

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39
Q

What are the matrixes in hyaline cartilage?

A

Capsular, territorial, and interterritorial

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40
Q

What is in the capsular matrix?

A

Many PG’s (very dark staining)

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41
Q

Where is the capsular matrix?

A

around chondrocytes

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42
Q

Where is the territorial matrix?

A

near chondrocytes

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43
Q

What is in the territorial matrix?

A

Type II fibrils and PG’s (dark staining)

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44
Q

Where is the interterritorial matrix?

A

Away from chondrocytes

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45
Q

What is in the interterritorial matrix?

A

very few PG’s (light staining)

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46
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear, external auditory meatus, auditory tube, epiglottis, and larynx

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47
Q

What is the function of elastic cartilage?

A

Flexible structural support

Has resiliency but is pliable

48
Q

Is there perichondrium in elastic cartilage?

A

yes

49
Q

What is the structure of the chondrocyte in elastic cartilage?

A

Abundant, isogenous groups present

50
Q

What makes up the ECM in elastic cartilage?

A

Type II collagen, elastic fibers, and PG’s

51
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Ligament insertions and w/i some joints

52
Q

What is the function of fibrocartilage?

A

Rigid structural support, resists tension and compression (very tough)

53
Q

Why is hyaline a transitional tissue?

A

combines features of hyaline cartilage and dense CT

54
Q

Does hyaline have a perichondrium?

A

No

55
Q

What is the structure of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage?

A

Isogenous groups lined up with type I collagen

56
Q

What does the ECM of fibrocartilage contain?

A

type I and II collagen w/ less ground substance

57
Q

How is bone a specialized CT?

A

bones cells and mineralized ECM

58
Q

What does bone contribute to the body?

A

framework, hematopoiesis, lever for muscles, and reservoir for minerals

59
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Contains the blood supply for the bone

60
Q

What specialized structure is within the periosteum?

A

Sharpey’s fibers

61
Q

What are sharpey’s fibers made out of?

A

type 1 collagen

62
Q

What do Sharpey’s fibers do?

A

adhere periosteum firmly to bone (tendon/ligament to bone)

63
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Monolayer of stem cells on internal surface of marrow cavity

64
Q

What are the two portions of the bone ECM?

A

organic and inorganic

65
Q

What makes up the organic portion of the bone ECM?

A

Mostly type I collagen and ground substance

66
Q

What is ground substance?

A

PG’s and glycoproteins

67
Q

What does the organic portion of bone ECM give the bone?

A

flexibility and tensile strength

68
Q

What makes up the inorganic portion of bone ECM?

A

Hydroxypatite crystals w/ type I collagen fibers

69
Q

What does the inorganic portion of bone provide to the bone?

A

rigidity and compressive strength

70
Q

What are the types of bone cells?

A

Osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteoblasts

71
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells

72
Q

What does osteoblast organelle profile say about it?

A

extensive rER and golgi - makes ECM

73
Q

What is an osteoid?

A

initial organic component

74
Q

What makes the osteoid?

A

Osteoblasts

75
Q

What happens to the osteoid?

A

calcified later on in development

76
Q

What can effect the processing of the osteoid?

A

low in vitamin D

77
Q

Where does an osteocyte come from?

A

Osteoblast

78
Q

Where are osteoblasts located?

A

lacunea

79
Q

What is different about osteoblast growth?

A

Amitotic

80
Q

What is osteoblast’s job?

A

maintain the ECM

81
Q

Why do osteoblast’s have long cytoplasmic processes?

A

mechanosensitive

82
Q

Where do osteoclasts come from?

A

Monocytes

83
Q

Where are osteoclasts?

A

in resorption bays (Howship’s lacunae)

84
Q

What is a ruffled border? What cell does this describe?

A

Osteoclast. Portion in direct contact with bone cause infolding of the plasma membrane

85
Q

What is the function of an osteoclast?

A

Resorption of bone

86
Q

What organelles do osteoclasts have more of due to it’s function?

A

lysosomes, mitochondria, and increased surface area

87
Q

What is the clear zone?

A

ring of cytoplasm around resorptive compartment

88
Q

What purpose does the clear zone have?

A

prevent damage to surrounding tissues

89
Q

What hormones affect bone?

A

PTH and calcitonin

90
Q

Where does PTH come from?

A

Parathyroid gland

91
Q

What does PTH promote?

A

resorption, leads to an increase in bone calcium levels

92
Q

How does PTH affect bone?

A

receptors located on osteoblasts, lead to production of osteoblast stim. factor

93
Q

What is the end result of PTH?

A

osteoclast stimulation

94
Q

Where does calcitonin come from?

A

Thyroid gland

95
Q

How does calcitonin affect bone?

A

Receptors on osteoclasts

96
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

inhibit osteoblast

97
Q

What are the processes in bone remodeling?

A

resorption and formation

98
Q

What regulates bone remodeling?

A

hormones and mechanically

99
Q

What occurs with too much resorption?

A

osteopenia and osteoporosis

100
Q

What occurs with too much formation?

A

osteosclerosis and osteopetrosis

101
Q

What are macroscopic bone structure?

A

compact and trabecular bone

102
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Cortical, dense

103
Q

What is trabecular bone?

A

Cancellous, spongy (marrow)

104
Q

Where is trabecular bone oriented?

A

toward stress lines

105
Q

What are microscopic bone structures?

A

woven (immature) and lamellar (mature)

106
Q

When is woven bone present?

A

initial bone formation and fracture repair

107
Q

What is the cellular component of woven bone?

A

Poorly organized type I collagen, weak

108
Q

What happens to woven bone?

A

replaced by lamellar bone

109
Q

What is the cellular component of lamellar bone?

A

very strong, well-organized type-1 collagen

110
Q

At what points does lamellar bone replace woven bone?

A

Primary and secondary bone formation

111
Q

What is primary bone formation?

A

Primary osteons

112
Q

What is secondary bone formation?

A

remodeling of primary bone

113
Q

What are cement lines?

A

outer border of osteon, where bones tend to fracture

114
Q

What is another name for osteons?

A

Haversian system

115
Q

What is an osteon?

A

basic unit of bone, rings of lamellar bone around central canal

116
Q

What is within the central canal?

A

blood vessels and nerves, diffusion through canaliculi

117
Q

What is a perforating canal?

A

connect central canals with each other

connect blood vessels in periosteum to marrow

Anatomy (44 decks)

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