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Anatomy > Lecture 14 - Leg and tarsus > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Leg and tarsus Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the “leg”?

A

Tibia and fibula

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2
Q

What are the bones of the hock?

A

tarsals and metatarsals

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3
Q

What are the muscles of the pes?

A

Metatarsals and phalanges

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4
Q

What are the joints of the hock?

A

Talocrural

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5
Q

What are the other joints of the leg/tarsus?

A

TMT, MTP, and IP

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6
Q

What do the muscles in the leg and tarsus region act on?

A

moving the tarsus and pes

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7
Q

What are two compartments in the leg?

A

Caudal and crainolateral

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8
Q

What artery supplies the caudal compartment?

A

Saphenous a.

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9
Q

What nerve supplies the caudal compartment?

A

Tibial n.

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10
Q

What are the main actions of the caudal compartment?

A

Extension of tarsus and flexion of digits

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11
Q

What artery supplies the crainolateral compartment?

A

Cranial tibial a.

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12
Q

What nerve supplies the crainolateral compartment?

A

Fibular n.

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13
Q

What are the main actions fo the crainolateral compartment?

A

Flexion of tarsus and extension of digits

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14
Q

What are the three tiers of the tarsal bones?

A

Proximal, middle, and distal

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15
Q

What is within the proximal tier of tarsal bones?

A

Talus/Astragalus (medial)

Calcaneus (lateral)

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16
Q

What is within the middle tier of tarsal bones?

A

Central tarsal bone

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17
Q

What is within the distal tier of the tarsal bones?

A

Tarsals 1-4 (mediolateral)

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18
Q

What is different about the fourth tarsal bone?

A

constantly present, much deeper, and intrudes into the middle tier

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19
Q

What is different about the tarsal bones in equidae?

A

1+2 fuse

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20
Q

What is different about the tarsal bones in bovidae?

A

2+3 fuse and central+4 fuse

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21
Q

What part of the talus articulates with the tibia?

A

Proximal trochlear surface

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22
Q

What does the distal surface of the talus articulate with?

A

Central bone

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23
Q

What does the distal surface of the talus look like in horses?

A

Flattened

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24
Q

What does the flattened talar head in horses provide?

A

Greater stability at the talar/central articulation

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25
Q

What occurs at the talo-crural joint?

A

Trochlea of talus conforms with cochlea of tibia providing free excursion

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26
Q

What happens at the talo-crural joint when the there is flexion at the hock in horses?

A

Distal limb is carried laterally due to the shaping of the talo-crural joint

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27
Q

What does the talar head in artiodactyls articulate with?

A

Central and fourth tarsal

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28
Q

What is different about the shape of the talar head in artiodactyls?

A

Expanded

Forms double-pulley astragalus

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29
Q

What are the parts to the calcaneus?

A

Sustentaculum, tuber calcanei, and head

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30
Q

What does the calcaneus support?

A

Plantar surface of talus and tendon of flexor digitorum superficialis

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31
Q

What surface is at the proximal end of the bone?

A

Tuber calcanei

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32
Q

What attaches at the Tuber Calcanei?

A

Calcaneal tendon

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33
Q

What does the tuber calcanei provide?

A

Free lever arm for movement at the hock

34
Q

What does the distal end articulate with?

A

Fourth tarsal

35
Q

What is MT1 in dogs?

A

dewclaw, not all dogs have it

36
Q

What are the four levels of articulation?

A

Tarso-crural joint
Proximal intertarsal joint
Distal intertarsal joint
Tarsometatarsal joint

37
Q

What joint does most movement occur?

A

Crurotarsal joint

38
Q

What type of joint is crurotarsal (movement-wise)?

A

Atypical hinge joint

39
Q

What happens with foot when carried forward with flexion?

A

Lateral deviation

40
Q

How does the crurotarsal joint help the pelvic limb?

A

Helps it be external to thoracic limb when they overlap during high speed running

41
Q

What joint is there some movement in ruminants and carnivores?

A

Talocentral joint - limited flexion

42
Q

Why is movement allowed at this joint in ruminants/carnivores?

A

Curved surfaces of the joint

43
Q

Where are the three synovial compartments?

A

1) Tarsocrural and proximal intertarsal joint
2) Distal intertarsal joint
3) Tarsometatarsal joint

44
Q

Where are there pouches located?

A

Tarsocrural and proximal intertarsal joints

45
Q

What are the four pouches?

A

Laterodorsal, mediodorsal, medioplantar, and lateral plantar

46
Q

What is the significance of the pouches?

A

Weaker part of the joints, swelling can occur here due to overdistension

47
Q

What are the two main ligament groups in the hock?

A 
Collateral ligaments (medial/lateral) 
Long plantar ligament
48
Q

Where are the collateral ligaments coming from and going to?

A

Extend from tibia/fibula to base of metatarsus

49
Q

What are the two parts each collateral ligament consists of?

A

Long superficial and shorter deep

50
Q

Where is the short, deep ligament restricted to?

A

Proximal level of articulation

51
Q

Where is the long plantar ligament?

A

Caudal

52
Q

Where does the long plantar lig. start and end?

A

Extends from plantar surface of calcaneus over 4th tarsal bone to the metatarsus

53
Q

What do the smaller ligaments do?

A

Hold tarsal bones together and maintain the integrity of pes

54
Q

What is different about the tibialis cranialis in ungulates?

A

Passes between split in fibularis tertius and spilts into dorsal and medial branch

55
Q

Where does the dorsal branch of the tibialis cranialis go?

A

Metatarsal tuberosity

56
Q

Where does the medial branch of the tibialis cranialis go?

A

1st and 2nd tarsal bones

57
Q

What is different about fibularis longus and brevis in horses?

A

not present

58
Q

What muscle is missing in carnivorans?

A

Fibularis tertius

59
Q

What muscles contribute to the deep digital flexors?

A

flexor digitorium, flexor digitorium medialis, and tibialis caudailis

60
Q

In horses and ruminants the tibialis caudalis tendon merges with what?

A

FDL and FDM

61
Q

What is the important muscle in pes?

A

Interossei

62
Q

What differs about the extensor brevis in the pes from the manus?

A

Muscle belly originates on dorsum of talus and calcaneus and inserts dorsally on digits III-V

63
Q

What is the origin of the common fibular n?

A

Sciatic nerve

64
Q

What nerves branch off the common fibular n.?

A

Superficial fibular n. and Deep fibular n.

65
Q

What does the Tibal n. originate from?

A

Sciatic nerve

66
Q

What muscles does the common fibular n. innervate?

A

Crainolateral leg group

67
Q

What is the path of the common fibular n.?

A

Passes lateral to lateral gastronemius to enter leg laterally

68
Q

What cutaneous branch comes off the common fibular n.?

A

Lateral sural cutaneous branch

69
Q

Where does the common fibular n. branch?

A

Near fibular head

70
Q

What does the deep fibular n. innervate?

A

Muscles of the crus

71
Q

What cutaneous innervations does the deep fibular n. provide?

A

Dorsal pes

72
Q

What muscle group does the tibial n. innervate?

A

Caudal leg group

73
Q

What is the path of the tibial n.?

A

Passes between the two heads of the gastronemius to enter the leg

74
Q

What cutaneous branch comes off the tibial nerve?

A

Caudal sural cutaneous branch

75
Q

What does the tibial n. spilt into?

A

Medial and lateral plantar nerves

76
Q

Where does the tibial n. split?

A

When it enters the hock

77
Q

Where does the tibial n. provide sensation?

A

dorsal pes

78
Q

What are the two superficial veins in the leg?

A

Lateral and medial saphenous v.

79
Q

What does the lateral saphenous v. drain into?

A

Popliteal v.

80
Q

What does the medial saphenous v. drain into?

A

Femoral v.

Anatomy (44 decks)

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