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Anatomy > Lecture 16 - Disorder of gait > Flashcards

Lecture 16 - Disorder of gait Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of contractions?

A

Tonic and phasic

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2
Q

What is tonic contraction?

A

Constant contraction of muscle fibers that maintains muscular and postural integrity

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3
Q

What is phasic contraction?

A

Contraction of muscle fiber beyond tonic contraction, via short bursts

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4
Q

What are two types of phasic contraction?

A

Isotonic and isometric

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5
Q

What is isotonic contraction?

A

Change in muscle length occurs with contraction

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6
Q

What is isometric contraction?

A

Contraction does not result in change in muscle length but instead goes against force

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7
Q

What are two types of isotonic contraction?

A

Concentric and eccentric

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8
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

Muscle shortening

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9
Q

What is eccentric contraction?

A

Muscle lengthening

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10
Q

What are carnivora’s limbs used for?

A

Manipulation

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of carnivora’s limbs?

A

more mobile limbs and more flexible back

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12
Q

What are cursorial herbivores limbs used for?

A

Solely for posture and locomotion

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of cursorial herbivores limbs?

A

More rigid backs and limbs

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14
Q

What does the Gluteal nn. cause in the hip?

A

Abduction, flexion, and extension

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15
Q

What does the Obturator n. cause in the hip?

A

Adduction and flexion

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16
Q

What does the Femoral n. cause in the hip?

A

Flexion

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17
Q

What does the Sciatic n. cause in the hip?

A

Extension

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18
Q

What does the Femoral n. cause in the stifle?

A

Extension

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19
Q

What does the Sciatic n. cause in the stifle?

A

Extension and flexion

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20
Q

What does the Obturator n. cause in the hock?

A

Extension

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21
Q

What does the Tibial n. cause in the tarsal jt?

A

Extension

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22
Q

What does the Fibular n. cause in the tarsal jt?

A

Flexion

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23
Q

What does the Tibial n. cause in the digital jt?

A

Flexion

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24
Q

What does the Fibular n. cause in the digital jt?

A

Extension

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25
What does the Accessory n. cause in the shoulder?
Elevation and advancement
26
What does the Thoracodorsal n. cause in the shoulder?
Retraction
27
What does the Long Thoracic n. cause in the shoulder?
Depression
28
What does the Suprascapular n. cause in the Gleno-humeral joint?
Extension
29
What does the Radial n. cause in the Gleno-humeral joint?
Extension
30
What does the Subscapular n. and Pectoral nn. cause in the Gleno-humeral joint?
Adduction
31
What does the Axillary n. cause in the Gleno-humeral joint?
Flexion
32
What does the Thoracodorsal n. cause in the Gleno-humeral joint?
Abduction
33
What does the Radial n. cause in the elbow?
Extension and supination
34
What does the Musculocutaneous n. cause in the elbow?
Flexion and supination
35
What does the Median n. cause in the elbow?
Pronation
36
What does the Radial n. cause in the carpal joints?
Extension
37
What does the Median n. cause in the carpal joints?
Flexion
38
What does the Radial n. cause in the digital joints?
Extension
39
What does the median n. and ulnar n. cause in the digital joints?
Flexion
40
What damage does a lesion of the suprascapular n. cause to the muscles?
Paralysis of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus
41
What dysfunction in movement would you see with a lesion to suprascapular n.?
No affect on standing posture | Shoulder slip
42
What is a shoulder slip?
May result in obvious lateral movement of shoulder joint during walking
43
What happens to the muscles over time?
Wasting of muscle along scapular spine
44
What is one way to damage the suprascapular n.
Overabduction or violent retraction of scapula may stretch nerve agains scapula
45
What are the consequences of radial n. palsy?
Paralysis of elbow extensors and carpal digital extensors | Anesthesia of skin territory
46
What is the radial nerve related to? What is the downside of that?
Humerus. If broken can injure nerve
47
What happens if the injury to the radial n. occurs at the proximal to middle part of brachium?
All three dysfunctions
48
What happens if the injury to the radial n. occurs at the distal part of the brachium?
Carpal and digital extensor paralysis | Anesthesia of skin
49
What happens if the injury occurs beyond distal motor branches of the radial n. ?
Skin numbness
50
Where do the motor branches stop in the radial n.?
Distal antebrachium or manus
51
What happens when the damage to the radial n. is proximal to the origin of tricep innervation?
Very serious No flexion of elbow No weight bearing on limb Foot drags on dorsal surface
52
What are the consequences of femoral n. palsy?
Paralysis of quadriceps
53
What happens when the quadriceps are paralyzed?
Precludes fixation of stifle joint | Limb cant support weight
54
Can the animal compensate with a femoral n. palsy?
No
55
What is locked patella?
Neuromuscular disorder; persistent and temporary lock
56
What is a persistent lock?
Section of medial patellar ligament affected
57
What is a temporary lock?
Can be fixed by startling the horse into a sudden movement
58
What happens with a rupture of the peronius tertius?
Permits extension of hock while stifle is flexed
59
What is the reciprocal mechanism?
Ensure stifle and hock in unison
60
What tendons aid in the reciprocal mechanism?
Peroneus tertius and Flexor digitorum superficialis
61
What is the direction of the peroneus tertius tendon?
Cranial to tibia
62
What is the direction of the flexor digitorum superficialis?
Caudal to tibia
63
When is the stifle fully locked?
When horse takes most of weight on that limb and rests on toe of the hoof
64
What occurs when stifle is locked?
Weight of hindquarters tends to flex hock Opposed by tension in superficial flexor caudal to tibia Peroneus tertius superfluous in animal standing quietly
65
In the passive stay apparatus of pelvic limb where does the caudal mass of the trunk rest on?
Head of femur
66
What does the center of mass cause caudal to the stifle if unsupported?
flexion
67
What does the center of mass cause cranial to the hock if unsupported?
flexion
68
What does the center of mass cause crainal to the fetlock if unsupported?
extension

Anatomy (44 decks)

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