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Anatomy > LEC 17: GI tract motility > Flashcards

LEC 17: GI tract motility Flashcards

1
Q

How do horses carry out food prehension?

A

Rip w/ teeth
– and–
Manipulate with lips

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2
Q

How do cattle carry out food prehension?

A

Rip w/ hard palate and lower teeth
– and –
Manipulate w/ tongue

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3
Q

How do carnivores carry out food prehension?

A

Cut w/ incisors
— and –
Rip w/ canines

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4
Q

What are the three stages of swallowing?

A

Voluntary - Pharyngeal - Esophageal

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5
Q

What happens in the voluntary phase of swallowing?

A

Bolus to back of oral cavity

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6
Q

What happens in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A

Oral cavity to esophagus

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7
Q

What happens in the Esophageal phase of swallowing?

A

Food to stomach

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8
Q

What are the three types of motility?

A

Propulsive - Retentive - Mixing

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9
Q

How does propulsion increasing affect transit time?

A

Decreases

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10
Q

What is the stimulus for peristalsis?

A

Distension

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11
Q

What is happening behind the bolus of food?

A

Longitudinal muscles - relax

Circular muscles - contract

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12
Q

What is happening around the bolus of food?

A

Longitudinal muscles - contract

Circular muscles - relax

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13
Q

Where does the sensory from the GI tract transmit to?

A

Dorsal vagal complex

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14
Q

What does the dorsal vagal complex activate?

A

Somatic
– and –
Vagal

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15
Q

What do the cranial and caudal sphincters do?

A

Prevent food and air to enter the esophagus

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16
Q

What causes orad contraction?

A

ACh

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17
Q

What causes caudad distension?

A

NO

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18
Q

What do the vagal efferents act on?

A

Myenteric nerves

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19
Q

What does myastenia gravis cause?

A

Ab’s block/alter/destroy Ach receptors

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20
Q

What is the major characteristic of the LES?

A

Myogenic, tonic contraction – independent of neural input increases if stretched

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21
Q

What can increase LES contraction?

A

ACh - Gastrin - NOR

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22
Q

What can decrease LES contraction?

A

NO

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23
Q

What are the origin of electrical activity in the GI tract?

A

ICC

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24
Q

What do the gap junction btwn the SM and ICC allow for?

A

Contractions can occur together

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25
Q

What does the basal electric rhythm of ICC allow for?

A

Nothing; not strong enough to start AP; only set timing

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26
Q

What direction do ICC waves move in?

A

Aboral direction

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27
Q

What is the rate of an ICC wave in the SI of a dog?

A

~20/min

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28
Q

What induces the PM depolarization in ICC?

A

Cytosolic Ca2+ oscillators

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29
Q

What is the GI motility modulated by?

A

ANS

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30
Q

What is the direct effect of ENS on the ICC?

A

Contration –> via voltage change through gap junction

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31
Q

How do ICC waves become contractions?

A

Factors that cause depolarization or hyperpolarization

32
Q

What are depolarizing factors of the ICC?

A

Stretching – ACh/Substance P – PNS - GI hormones

33
Q

How is Gi contraction supressed?

A

SNS (via NOR)
– and–
VIP/NO

34
Q

What is the frequency of the slow waves in the stomach?

A

3-5m

35
Q

What is the frequency of the slow waves in the SI?

A

10-20m

36
Q

What is the frequency of the slow waves in the colon?

A

6-8m

37
Q

What is the function of the fundus?

A

Storage

38
Q

What is the function of the antrum?

A

Grinding
– and –
Sieving

39
Q

What is the adaptive reflex?

A

Reflexive response of proximal region to food entering stomach

40
Q

What does vagal stimulation cause in the stomach?

A

Proximal region: Suppresses contraction

Distal region: Stimulates peristalsis

41
Q

What is the motility like in the antrum?

A

Intense slow wave activty and contraction

42
Q

What is the motility like in the body?

A

Strong waves of peristalsis from body to pylorus

43
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

Stimulate motility
– and –
Gastric acid secretion

44
Q

What is the limiting factor of motility in the stomach?

A

Digestion and absorption in the SI

45
Q

What slows emptying in the stomach?

A

Low pH in duodenum
– and –
High fat in stomach

46
Q

What is secreted in response to fat and low pH?

A

CCK
– and –
Secretin

47
Q

What does CCK do?

A

Inhibits antrum motility

48
Q

What stimulates CCK secretion?

A

Fat

49
Q

What does Secretin do?

A

Inhibits antrum motility

50
Q

What stimulates secretin secretion?

A

low pH

51
Q

What does duodenal distension cause?

A

Inhibition of stomach motility

52
Q

What is the interdigestive motility complex?

A

Relaxtion of pylorus w/ strong waves of peristalsis through stomach

53
Q

What is the point of the interdigestive motility complex?

A

Force out anything in stomach

54
Q

When do interdigestive motility complexes occur?

A

once an hour

55
Q

What two major things are involved in vomiting?

A

Motility of the GI tract
– and –
Pressure regulation in abdomen and thorax

56
Q

Where is the vomiting center?

A

Reticular formation in the medulla

57
Q

What are the four things that input into the vomiting center?

A

Higher center - Vestibular app. - Vagal afferent - CRTZ

58
Q

What does the high center sense?

A

Trauma - Intracranial pressure

59
Q

What does the vestibular apparatus sense?

A

Motion sickness

60
Q

What does the vagal afferent fibers sense?

A

Peritoneum - Bile ducts - Heart

61
Q

What does the CRTZ sense?

A

blood borne - Drugs - Toxins

62
Q

What are the two phases of the digestive period?

A

Nonpropulsive
– and –
Propulsive

63
Q

What is the MMC?

A

Migrating motility complex

64
Q

What doe the MMC do?

A

Strong contractions, entire SI

Forceful emptying of SI

65
Q

What are the motility patterns of the large intestines?

A

Segmentation – Retropulsion – Propulsion

66
Q

What does the colonic pacemaker do?

A

Antiperistaltic motility – shift site of pacemaker

67
Q

What is the rectospincteric reflex?

A

Feces enters rectum - Internal sphincter relaxes - Rectal walls contraction

68
Q

What voluntary structure can stop the rectosphincteric reflex?

A

External anal sphichter

69
Q

Where does the PNS control of the sphincter originate?

A

Sacral spinal cord

70
Q

What is the stimulus/response of the orthocolic reflec?

A

Stimulus: Standing up
Response: Increased colonic motility/mass movemetn

71
Q

What occurs with the fear-stress induced defecation?

A

Fear - CRH - Activates PNS - Enhance colonic motility

72
Q

What is the stimulus/response to the gastrocolic reflex?

A

Stimulus: Full stomach
Response: Increase colonic motility –> fills rectum

73
Q

What is the stimulus/response enterogastric reflex?

A

Stimulus: Digesta in the duodenum
Response: inhibition of gastric emptying

74
Q

What is the stimulus/response of the coloileal reflex?

A

Stimulus: Full colon
Response: Inhibition of ileum emptying

75
Q

What is the stimulus/response of the ileogastric reflex?

A

Stimulus: Full ileum
Response: Inhibition of gastric emptying

Anatomy (44 decks)

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