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Anatomy > Lecture 31 - Pharynx and Larynx > Flashcards

Lecture 31 - Pharynx and Larynx Flashcards

0
Q

What are the larynx and bronchial tree developmentally related to?

A

Digestive tract - see this with the pharynx

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1
Q

What part of the larynx articulates with the temporal bone?

A

Hyoid apparatus

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2
Q

What are the three functions of the larynx?

A

Protection/isolation of the airway from the digestive tract
Control pulmonary air pressure
Vocalization

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3
Q

What are the four cartilages of the larynx?

A

Epiglottis - Arytenoid - Thyroid - Cricoid

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4
Q

What is the paired set of cartilages in the larynx?

A

Arytenoid

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5
Q

What is the positioning of the epiglottis?

A

Extends from the larynx to a position caudal third of the tongue

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6
Q

What does the stalk of the epiglottis do?

A

Articulates with the thyroid cartilage on ventral midline

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7
Q

What does the cranial horn of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A

Thyrohyoid element of the hyoid appratus

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8
Q

What does the caudal horn of the thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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9
Q

What function does the cricoid cartilage provide?

A

Facet for articulation with the thyroid cartilage at the junction of the lamina and ventral arch

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10
Q

What types of movements can the arytenoid cartilage do?

A

Rotation
Medial-lateral
Dorsal-ventral (limited)

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11
Q

What are the two processes of the arytenoids?

A

Muscular and vocal

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12
Q

What direction are the muscular process of the arytenoids directed?

A

Laterally

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13
Q

What way are the vocal processes directed?

A

Ventrally

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14
Q

What are the two membranes of the larynx?

A

Vestibular and Vocal

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15
Q

Where is the vestibular ligament located?

A

Caudal edge of a membrane connects lateral sides of the epiglottis to the cranial end of the arytenoid

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16
Q

Where are the vocal ligaments located?

A

Cranial edge of a membrane that connects the cricoid, thyroid, and vocal processes of the arytenoid

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17
Q

What is the action of the cricothyroideus m.?

A

Thyroid cartilage rotates at the cricothyroid joint

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18
Q

What are the four effects of the laryngeal muscles on the vocal folds?

A

Adduction - Abduction

Lengthening - Shortening

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19
Q

What does adduction of the vocal folds cause?

A

restricts airflow or produce phonation

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20
Q

What does abduction of the vocal folds cause?

A

Increase airflow

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21
Q

What does lengthening of the vocal folds cause?

A

Raise pitch of sound produced

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22
Q

What does shortening of the vocal folds cause?

A

Lower the pitch of the sound

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23
Q

What is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds?

A

Dorsal Crucoarytenoid

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24
Where does the dorsal cricoarytenoid articulate?
Dorsal lamina of cricoid cartilage
25
Where does the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle insert?
Muscular process of the arytenoid
26
What nerve innervates the dorsal cricoarytenoid?
Caudal laryngeal n.
27
What occurs in regards to the muscles when abduction of teh vocal folds occur?
Pull muscular process of arytenoid dorsally
28
What are the five major nerves to the Larynx?
Cranial - External - Internal - Recurrent - Caudal
29
What does the cranial laryngeal nerve come off of?
Branch of the vagus nerve
30
What does the cranial laryngeal nerve give rise to?
External and internal laryngeal n.
31
What does the external laryngeal n. do?
Motor to the cricothyroid
32
What does the internal laryngeal nerve do?
Sensation from the larynx cranial to the vocal folds | Vestibular folds
33
Where is the recurrent laryngeal n.?
Runs cranially through the neck to approach larynx caudally
34
What does the caudal laryngeal n branch from?
Recurrent laryngeal n.
35
What does the laryngeal n. do?
Carry motor to all other muscles and sensation from caudal half of larynx
36
What is the function of the cough reflex?
Prevent objects from getting into the trachea
37
How is the cough reflex intiated?
Object touches vestibular fold
38
What happens when the cough reflex is initiated?
Vocal folds are tightly ADDucted to prevent further passage
39
What two nerves are involved in the cough reflex?
Internal and caudal laryngeal
40
What function does the internal laryngeal n. provide in the cough reflex?
Sensation from the larynx cranial to the vocal folds, senses the object
41
What happens in horses that causes problems with the dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle?
Left recurrent hemiplegia
42
What animal, specifically, does left recurrent hemiplegia occur in?
3-5% of thoroughbreds
43
What happens with left recurrent hemiplegia?
Impairment of respiration produces an intolerance to exercise Roaring occurs
44
What is deglutition?
Swallowing
45
What structures are involved in swallowing?
Tongue - Palate - Pharynx
46
What function does the soft palate have in swallowing?
Elevates to close off the nasal cavity
47
What function does the pharynx have in swallowing?
Approaches oral cavity and widens to receive food
48
What ellicits peristalsis in swallowing?
Food making contact with the pharyngeal wall
49
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx - Oropharynx - Laryngopharynx
50
Where is the oropharynx?
Caudal to the palatoglossal fold
51
What does the auditory tube do?
Connects middle ear to nasopharynx
52
What are the two muscle groups in regards to the pharynx?
Constrictors and movers
53
Where do the pharyngeal constrictors insert?
Dorsal midline connective tissue line
54
What do the pharyngeal constrictors do?
Produce peristaltic movements that push food to the esophagus
55
What do the pharyngeal movers do?
Put pharynx into position to begin swallowing
56
Where do the pharyngeal movers originate?
Put the pharynx into position to being swallowing
57
What are almost all the pharyngeal muscles innervated by?
CN X - vagus
58
Where do the pharyngeal movers originate?
Outside the pharyngeal wall and pass into the pharynx -
59
What are the pharyngeal constrictors?
Hyopharyngeus - Thyropharyngeus - Cricopharyngeus
60
Where does the hyopharyngeus originate?
On thyrohyoid and ceratohyoid elements of the hyoid apparatus
61
Where does the thyropharyngeus originate?
Originates on the lateral side of the thyroid lamina
62
Where does the cricopharyngeus originate?
On the lateral aspect of the ventral arch of the cricoid
63
What are the pharyngeal movers?
Pterygopharyngeus - Stylopharyngeus - Palatopharyngeus
64
Which mover is innervated by the Glossopharyngeal nerve?
Stylopharyngeus
65
Where does the pterygopharyngeus originate?
Pterygoid hammulus
66
Where does the stylopharyngeus originate?
Stylohyoid
67
What else does the stylopharyngeus do?
Pharyngeal dilator
68
What artery supplies most of the pharynx?
Ascending pharyngeal artery
69
What does the ascending pharyngeal artery come off of?
External carotid
70
What does the ascending pharyngeal artery anastomose with in dogs?
Internal carotid artery
71
Where does the internal carotid come from?
Foramen lacerum
72
What happens with the ascending pharyngeal artery in animals without internal carotid artery?
becomes a possible alternate route of blood supply to the cerebral arterial circle
73
What two cranial nerves contribute to the plexus of the pharynx?
Glossopharyngeal N. -- and -- Vagus N.
74
What nerves are part of the gag reflex?
CN IX - X
75
What is the function behind the gag reflex?
Prevents swallowing of unexpected food or foreign objects
76
What starts the gag reflex?
Touching the pharyngeal mucosa of oropharynx
77
What provides the sensory innervation to the oropharynx?
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
78
What happens when the gag reflex is started?
Wave of pharyngeal contraction that runs caudal to crainal
79
What does the CN IX contribute to?
Mostly sensory oxons to the pharyngela plexus
80
What does the vagus nerve contribute to?
Motor axons to the pharyngeal plexus

Anatomy (44 decks)

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