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Anatomy > Lecture 34 - Ears > Flashcards

Lecture 34 - Ears Flashcards

0
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

Inner - Middle - Outer

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1
Q

What are the functions of the ear?

A

Balance and orientation

Hearing

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2
Q

What is the inner ear within?

A

Temporal bone

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3
Q

What is the middle ear within?

A

Petrous and tympanic portions of the temporal bone

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4
Q

What is the bony labyrinth of the inner ear filled with?

A

Perilymph

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5
Q

What is suspended in the perilymph?

A

Membranous labyrinth

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6
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth filled with?

A

Endolymph

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7
Q

Besides endolymph what else is within the membranous labyrinth?

A

Organs that transduce movement into neuronal signals

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8
Q

What are the two sections of the membranous labyrinth?

A

Vestibule and cochlea

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9
Q

What is within the vestibule?

A

Contains all organs of balance and orientation

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10
Q

What innervates the vestibule?

A

Vestibular branch of CN VIII

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11
Q

What is within the cochlea?

A

Contains the organ of hearing

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12
Q

What innervates the cochlea?

A

Cochlear branch of CN VIII

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13
Q

What are the two types of hair cells in the inner ear?

A

Kinocilium
– and –
Stereocilia

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14
Q

What is the kinocilium?

A

Tallest single projecting out of apex of hair cell

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15
Q

What are the stereocilia?

A

Array of progressively shorter projections lined up next to the kinocilium

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16
Q

What happens when the stereocilia toward the kinocilium?

A

Increase the firing rate of the sensory nerve

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17
Q

What happens if the stereocilia bend away from the kinocilium?

A

Decrease the firing rate

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18
Q

What are the two portions of the of vestibule?

A

Utricle and saccule

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19
Q

What are maculae?

A

Sheets of hair cells stimulated by linear accleration

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20
Q

Where are horizontal macula?

A

Utricle

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21
Q

Where are vertical macula?

A

Saccule

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22
Q

What are cristae?

A

Crests of hair cells stimulated by fluid flow around semicircular ducts in response to rotation

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23
Q

Where are crista?

A

Located in the ampulla at the end of the three semicircular ducts

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24
Q

What stimulates the spiral organ?

A

Sound waves transmitted from the surrounding perilymph into the endolymph

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25
Q

What decides where the sound is transferred from perilymph to endolymph?

A

Frequency

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26
Q

What is different about hearing in fish?

A

Sound waves pass through the body of the fish due to being about the same density of water - only need internal structures

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27
Q

What is different about hearing in air?

A

Waves lose energy in transfer from air to ear fluids needs to be amplified?

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28
Q

What amplifies sound on land?

A

Tympanic membrane

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29
Q

What are the three parts of the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane - Ear ossicles - Oval window

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30
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Transmit sound vibrations from lateral external ear to medial inner ear

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31
Q

What are the three ear bones?

A

Stapes - Incus - Malleus

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32
Q

What does the stapes articulate with?

A

The oval window

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33
Q

What does the stapes do?

A

Causes the vibrations in the perilymph of the inner ear

34
Q

What does the malleus articulate with?

A

Fixed to the tympanic membrane

35
Q

What does the malleus do?

A

Passes vibrations from the external ear to the inner ear

36
Q

What are the two muscles that interact with the ossicles?

A

Tensor tympani

Stapedius

37
Q

What nerve innervates the tensor tympani?

A

Mandibular nerve CN V3

38
Q

What nerve innervates the Stapedius?

A

Facial nerve CN VII

39
Q

What is the function of the muscles in the ossicles?

A

Act to clarify hearing and protect from excessively loud noises

40
Q

Where is the tensor tympani?

A

Comes from the anterior wall of the middle ear and inserts onto the body of the malleus

41
Q

Where is the stapedius?

A

Comes from the posterior wall and inserts on the head of the stapes

42
Q

What nerve does the sensory from the mucosa lining of the middle ear come from?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

43
Q

What nerve carries preganglionic PNS axons from CN IX to the otic ganglion?

A

Minor pterosal nerve

44
Q

What is carried on the major petrosal nerve?

A

Preganglionic PNS axons from CN VII to the pterygopalatine ganglion

45
Q

What is the chorda tympani a branch of?

A

Facial nerve

46
Q

What nerve crosses the tympanic membrane?

A

Chorda tympani

47
Q

What nerve does the chorda tympani hitchhike on?

A

Lingual

48
Q

What maximizes the function of the tympanic membrane?

A

Pressure on both sides must be equal

49
Q

What does the auditory tube connect?

A

Middle ear to the nasopharynx

50
Q

What is the normal state of the auditory tube?

A

Closed

51
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube?

A

To equalize pressure

52
Q

What muscles open the auditory tube?

A

Tensor and levator veli palatini

53
Q

What is the guttural pouch?

A

In horses, section of mucosal lining the auditory tube pushes out

54
Q

What is inside the guttural pouch?

A

Nothing

55
Q

What structures lay within the same region as the guttural pouch?

A 
Stylohyoid 
External carotid artery 
Glossopharyngeal nerve 
Vagosympathetic trunk 
Hypoglossal nerve
56
Q

What happens when there is facture of the stylohyoid?

A

Difficulty moving the tongue

57
Q

What happens where there is a lesion of the vagus or glossopharyngeal nerves?

A

Difficulty swallowing or laryngeal hemiplegia

58
Q

What can lead to horner syndrome?

A

Lesion of the sympathetic chain

59
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Infection of the middle ear

60
Q

What becomes sensitive on cats with otitis media?

A

Tympanic bulla

61
Q

What surgical method can be used with severe ear infections?

A

Drained via opening tympanic bulla rostromedially into the nasopharynx

62
Q

What is the function of the Auricle?

A

Funnel and focus sound in the external auditory canal

63
Q

What is the anatomical postion of the ears?

A

Erect alert

64
Q

What are the two canals of the external ear?

A

Vertical and horizontal

65
Q

What special structure is in the skin of the external ear?

A

Ceruminous glands

66
Q

What is the function of the ceruminous glands?

A

Keeps canal clean and free of particles that might interfere with sensitive tympanic membrane

67
Q

What makes up the structural part of the external ear?

A

Auricular cartilage

68
Q

What is the secondary piece of cartilage of the external ear?

A

Scutiform cartilage

69
Q

What grouping are the auricular muscles a part of?

A

Muscles of facial expression

70
Q

What provides blood to the rostral, concave portion of the external ear?

A

Rostral auricular a.

71
Q

What artery does the rostral auricular a. come off of?

A

Superficial temporal a.

72
Q

What does the caudal auricular artery come off of?

A

External carotid

73
Q

What are the branches off the caudal auricular?

A

Medial - Lateral - Intermediate - Deep

74
Q

What does the caudal aurcular a. provide blood to?

A

Caudal surface of the ear

75
Q

What provides sensory to the ear?

A

Ventral and dorsal rami of C2

76
Q

What does the Ventral rami of C2 provide sensory to?

A

Lateral side of caudal ear

77
Q

What nerve comes off the ventral rami of C2?

A

Great auricular nerve

78
Q

What nerve comes off the dorsal rami of C2?

A

Great occipital n.

79
Q

What does the greater occipital n. provide sensory to?

A

Medial, caudal portion of the ear

80
Q

What does the auriculotemporal n. provide sensory for?

A

Rostral portion of the ear and a lot of the lower jaw and lateral face

81
Q

What is the auriculotemporal n. a branch of?

A

Trigeminal - CN V3 (mandibular)

82
Q

What does the vagus nerve provide sensory for?

A

Rostral portion of ear medial region

83
Q

What is the path of the vagal nerve in regards to ear sensory?

A

Hitchhikes on facial nerve in the petrous portion of the temporal bone

Anatomy (44 decks)

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