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Nutrition > Lecture 3: Micronutrients (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Micronutrients (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Too much of one mineral can cause a deficiency of another mineral

A

True

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2
Q

What are the sources of micronutrients

A
  • Diet (primary ingredients, supplements, & dirt/soil)
  • GI microorganisms (B vitamins in herbivores & vitamin K)
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3
Q

Describe testing for a px micronutrient status

A
  • No single simple effective test to determine a px micronutrient status
  • Test are ava but be very skeptical (hair & blood test)
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4
Q

What are the limits of micronutrient status test

A
  • Hair & blood don’t represent total body status
  • Not all labs practice good quality control w/ assays
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5
Q

List ex of macrominerals

A
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6
Q

List ex of microminerals

A
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7
Q

What is an inorganic/elemental

A

Zinc sulfate

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8
Q

Describe organic minerals

A
  • Amino acids chelated/bound minerals
  • Phytates & oxalates if present inhibit absorption
  • Not to be confused w/ USDA organic
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9
Q

What occurs secondary to an inverse dietary calcium to phosphorus ratio

A
  • Nutritional hyperparathyroidism
  • Osteo dystrophy
  • Reduced serum Ca & increased serum P -> stimulate PTH -> Osteoclasts release Ca from bone & kidneys excrete more phosphorus ->. bone demineralization (reduced radiodensity)
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10
Q

What are the functions of calcium

A
  • Dev & maintenance of bones & teeth
  • Blood clotting
  • Muscle contraction
  • Cell signaling
  • A/B (cation)
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11
Q

What are the sources of Ca

A
  • Bone
  • Dairy
  • Dicalcium phosphate
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Calcium citrate
  • Greens
  • Legumes
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12
Q

Describe Ca deficiency

A
  • Decreased bone density (osteoporosis & rickets)
  • Milk fever in cows
  • Eclampsia in btiches
  • Ca:P ratio must be 1:1 to 2:1 for dogs & cats
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13
Q

What can occur w/ Ca toxicity

A
  • Musculoskeletal disorders
  • Calcium oxalate urilithiasis
  • Kidney disorders
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14
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus

A
  • Dev & maintenance of bones & teeth
  • Energy (ATP)
  • Component of phospholipid
  • A/B (anion)
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15
Q

What are the sources of phosphorus

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Meat
  • Grain & brans
  • Dicalcium phosphate
  • Common preservative in human food
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16
Q

What can occur w/ phosphorus deficiency

A
  • Decreased appetite & growth
  • Skeletal disorders
  • Lethargy
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17
Q

What can occur w/ phosphorus toxicity

A
  • Bone loss
  • Nutritional hyperparathyroidism/nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
  • Maybe chronic kidney disease
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18
Q

What is the function of Na & Cl

A
  • Nerve impulses
  • A/D (sodium is a cation & chloride is a strong anion)
  • Osmotic balance & water balance
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19
Q

What are the sources of Na & Cl

A
  • Sodium chloride (table salt)
  • Potassium chloride
  • Various organic forms
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20
Q

What can occur w/ Na & Cl deficiency

A
  • Hydration disorders
  • Decreased appetite & weight loss
  • Hypochloridemia can occur secondary to vomiting
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21
Q

What occurs w/ Na & Cl toxicity

A
  • Thirst
  • Neuro signs like seizures
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22
Q

What is the function of potassium

A
  • cellular AP (muscle function & nerve impulses)
  • A/B (strong cation)
  • Osmotic balance
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23
Q

What are the sources of potassium

A
  • Organic (forage, fruit, & veggies)
  • Inorganic (potassium chloride, potassium citrate, & potassium gluconate
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24
Q

What can occur when there is a Potassium deficiency

A
  • Hypokalemia can occur secondary to diuretics & CKD
  • Decreased appetite & growth
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Cats have head & neck ventroflexion
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25
What can occur w/ potassium toxicity
* Hyperkalemia can occur secondary to CKD * Decreased HR & arrythmias * Reduce magnesium absorption
26
What is the function of Magnesium
* Cofactor for several enzymes (energy metabolism) * Cellular AP * Immune fxn * Component of bone
27
What are the sources of Magnesium
* Organic (muscle, bone, grain, & legumes) * Inorganic (limestone, MgCl, MgS, & MgOx)
28
What can occur if there is a magnesium deficiency
* Tetany & muscle weakness * Decreased bone density * Mg deficiency is associated w/ Ca deficiency so if px is hypocalcemic that is hard to correct check the magnesium
29
What can occur if there is magnesium toxicity
* Paralysis * Urinary stones * Alkalosis (cation)
30
What is the fxn of iron
* Enzyme cofactor * Oxygen transport (hemoglobin)
31
What are the sources of iron
* Grain * Ferrous sulfate
32
What can occur if there is an iron deficiency
* Anemia * Poor skin & haircoat
33
What can occur if there is an iron toxicity
* Decreased appetite & weight loss * Liver disorders
34
What is the function of iodine
Component of thyroid hormones
35
What are the sources of iodine
* Iodized salt * Potassium iodine * Seaweed
36
What can occur if there is a def in iodine
* thyroid disorders * Poor skin & haircoat
37
What can occur if there is iodine toxicity
* Decreased appetite & weight loss * Goiter
38
What element deficiency causes coat color discoloration (rust color)
Copper deficiency
39
What is the function of copper
* Enzyme cofactor * Hemoglobin synthesis * Skin & coat * Bone dev
40
What is the function of zinc
* Enzyme cofactor * Immune response * Skin & coat * Bone dev
41
What are the sources of copper
* Organ meat * Copper sulfate * Copper carbonate * Copper oxide
42
What can occur if there is a copper deficiency
* Anemia * Poor skin & haircoat (black coat dilution) * Aortic rupture
43
What can occur if there is copper toxicity
* Copper hepatopathy (some dogs like labs are predisposed to it) * Kidney disease in sheep
44
What are the sources for zinc
* organ meat * Zinc methionine * Zinc sulfate * Zinc oxide
45
What can occur if there is a zinc deficiency
* Poor skin & haircoat * Decreased appetite & weight loss * Decreased reprodution * Diarrhea
46
What can occur if there is zinc toxicity
* Hemolytic anemia * Vomiting * Copper deficiency
47
What is the function of selenium
* Enzyme cofactor * Immune response * Antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase) * Thyroid hormone production (T4 to T3)
48
What are the sources of selenium
* Seleno-methionine * Sodium selenite
49
What can occur if there is a selenium deficiency
* Muscular disorders * Decreased repro
50
What can occur if there is selenium toxicity
* Decreased appetite & weight loss * Neuro disorders
51
What is the function of manganese
* Enzyme cofactor * Bone dev
52
What are the sources of manganese
* Grains * Animal tissue * Magnesium chloride * Magnesium sulfate * Magnesium oxide
53
What can occure if there is a manganese deficiency
* Decreased reproduction * Liver disorders
54
What can occur if there is manganese toxicity
Decreased appetite & weight loss
55
What are the cations involved in Acid base
* Potassium * Sodium * Magnesium
56
What are the anions involved in acid base
* Chloride * Phosphorus * Sulfur (methionine)
57
What is the equation for dietary cation anion balance (DCAB) / Dietary cation anion difference (DCAD)
(Na + K) - (S + Cl)
58
What are the function of acid-base
* Blood pH * Urine pH * Muscle contraction & nerve conduction
59
What are some mineral practical tips
* Do not supplement mineral on top of a complete & balanced pet food unless there is a specific indicaiton * Folks involved w/ pet food/large animal feed production shoul know what they are doin * If you suspect a nutrient deficiency/toxicity conduct a nutrition assissment which includes evaluating the current diet & feeding management
60
List the fat soluble vitamins
* Vitamin D * Vitamin E * Vitamin A * Vitamin K
61
List the water soluble vitamins
* Cobalamin (B12) * Folate (B9) * Niacin (B3) * Pyridoxine (B6) * Riboflavin (B2) * Thiamine (B1)
62
What are the functions of vitamin A
* Vission * Immunity * Antioxidants * Cellular differentiation
63
What are the sources of Vitamin A
* Plants (beta carotene) * Liver * Animal based omega-3 FA
64
What are the 3 diff Vitamin As
* Beta carotene (pre vitamin A) * Retinol * Retinal
65
What can occur w/ a vitamin A deficiency
* Poor appetite & weight loss * Decreased vision or blindness * Poor skin & hair coat * Decreased repro
66
What can occur w/ vitamin A toxicity
* Cervical/thoracic exostosis * Birth defect * Hypercalcemia
67
How do dogs & cats get vitamin A
* Dogs convert carotenoids from plants to active vitamin A * Cats can't convert carotenoids so they need to obtain vitamin A from animal products or synthetic additives * Cats req retinal in active form
68
What are the funcitons of Vitamin D
* Calcium & phosphorus metabolism * Cell signaling * Other metabolic rxn
69
What are the sources of vitamin D
* Liver & kidneys * Salmon * Egg yolk * Plant based vitamin D2 * Animal based vitamin D3
70
T/F: Dogs & cats can synthesized vitamin D from sun exposure to the skin
False; neither of them can
71
What can occur w/ vitamin D deficiency
* Loss of bone & osteoporosis * Similar signs as ca deficiency * Rickets
72
What can occur w/ vitamin D toxicity
* Hypercalcemia * Production of calcium oxalate urinary stones * Dev orthopedic disease (cats have a higher max & are more tolerant of excessive amounts)
73
What are the types of vitamin E
* Alpha * Beta * Gamma * Delta - tocopherols * Tocotrienols
74
What are the functions of vitamin E
* Lipid antioxidant (stabilizes cell membranes) * Acts as a preservative for pet foods & products that contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
75
What is the source of vitamin E
Tocopherols
76
What can occur w/ vitamin E deficiency
* Steatitis * Muscle weakness/myopath
77
What is steatitis
* Adipos inflammation/necrosis * Seen in cats eating diets inclusive of polyunsaturated FAs w/out adequate vitamin E to prevent oxidation
78
What occurs w/ vitamin E toxicity
* Not seen * Very high amounts could interfere w/ other fat soluble vitamins
79
What are the types of vitamin K
* K1 * K2 * K3
80
What are the functions of vitamin K
* Important for blood clotting (factors II, VII, IX, & X) * Vitamin K dep proteins
81
What are the sources of Vitamin K
* Produced by gut microbes (K2) so no clear dietary req as long as GI health is optimal * Green leafy plants (K1)
82
What occurs w/ vitamin Ki deficiency
* Blood clotting disorders * Rodenticide that contain anticoagulants * Intestinal dx * Oral ax
83
What occurs w/ vitamin K toxicity
* None seen * Menadione (K3) in excessive amounts can cause anemia
84
What is the function thiamin (vitamin B1)
Coenzyme for metabolic processes
85
What are the sources of vitamin B1
* Yeast * Kidney & liver * Legumes * Grain * Thiamine hydrochloride
86
What can occur w/ deficiency
* Neuro signs & weakness * Ventroflexion of the head & neck in cats * Poor appetite & weight loss * Heat sensitive * Thiaminase in raw fish
87
What are the functions of riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Coenzyme for energy metabolism (respiratory chain) & antioxiant (regenerates gluttathione)
88
What are the sources of riboflavin (vitamin B2)
Animal tissue
89
What occurs w/ an riboflaving (vit B2) deficiency
* Poor appetite & weight loss * Lethargy, weakness, & collapse * Corneal opacity
90
What are the different forms of niacin (vit B3)
* Niacinamide * Nicotinic acid * Nicotinamide
91
What are the functions of Niacin (vit B3)
* Coenzyme * Energy metabolism (NAD, NADP, & Precursors for TCA cycle)
92
What are the sources Niacin (vit B3)
* Plant (nicotinic acid) * Animal tissue (nicotinamide, NAD, & NADP coenzymes)
93
What occurs w/ a niacin (vitamin B3)
* Poor appetite & weight loss * Oral ulceration/inflammation, & tongue necrosis (black tongue)
94
What are the functions of Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)
* Precursor to coenzyme A * Fatty acid metabolism
95
What are the sources of Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)
* Organ meat * Egg yolk * Yeast
96
What occurs w/ Pantothenic acid deficiency
* Poor appetite & weight loss * Liver & heart disorders
97
What are the forms of Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)
* Pyridoxal * Pyridoxamine
98
What is the function of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Coenzyme
99
What are the sources of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
* Grains * Legumes * Animal tissue (esp. liver)
100
What occurs w/ pyridoxine (vit B6) deficiency
* Poor appetite & weight loss * Anemia * Neuroologic disorders like convulsions & twitching
101
What is a for of folic acid (vit B9)
Folate
102
What is the function of folic acid (vit B9)
* Amino acid synthesis * Purine synthesis/ DNA synthesis
103
What are the sources of Folic acid (vit B9)
* Liver * Folic acid
104
What occurs w/ a folic acid (vit B9) deficiency
* Poor appetite & weight loss * Anemia * Clotting disorders * Cleft palate
105
What happens to blood concentrations of vit B9 in GI disease
They can be increased or decrease
106
What is the functions of cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
* Coenzyme * Amino acid synthesis * DNA synthesis
107
What are the sources of cobalamin
* Animal tissue * Yeast * Gut microbes (works for herbivores but doesn't absolve the need for dietary B12 for dogs & cats)
108
What occurs w/ a cobalamin deficiency
* Anemia * Can be secondary to GI disease (complex transport & absorption)
109
What are the other forms of vitamin C
* Ascorbate * Ascorbic acid
110
What is the function of vit C
* Coenzyme * Synthesis of collagen, L-carnitine * Antioxidant
111
What occurs w/ vitamin C deficiency
* None in dogs & cats * Not essential but included in pet food due to antioxidant activity
112
What are the functions of Biotin (vit B7)
* Coenzyme * Gluconeogenesis * FA metabolism * Skin/coat
113
What are the sources of biotin
* Animal tissue * Grain * Gut/GI microbes * Avidin (biotinase) in raw eggs
114
What occurs w/ a biotin deficiency
* Alopecia, dermatitis, & reduced pigment has been induced in cats * Daily req is published through true dieary req is unclear
115
What are the functions of choline
Fatty acid metabolism/phosopholipid membrane fxn
116
What are the sources of choline
* Fish * Egg yolk * Choline chloride
117
What occurs w/ a choline deficiency
* Normally synthesized in the body * Poor appetite & weight loss * Hepatic lipidosis * Heart disorders

Nutrition (26 decks)

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