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Nutrition > Lecture 3: Micronutrients (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Micronutrients (Exam 1) Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Too much of one mineral can cause a deficiency of another mineral

A

True

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2
Q

What are the sources of micronutrients

A
  • Diet (primary ingredients, supplements, & dirt/soil)
  • GI microorganisms (B vitamins in herbivores & vitamin K)
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3
Q

Describe testing for a px micronutrient status

A
  • No single simple effective test to determine a px micronutrient status
  • Test are ava but be very skeptical (hair & blood test)
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4
Q

What are the limits of micronutrient status test

A
  • Hair & blood don’t represent total body status
  • Not all labs practice good quality control w/ assays
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5
Q

List ex of macrominerals

A
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6
Q

List ex of microminerals

A
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7
Q

What is an inorganic/elemental

A

Zinc sulfate

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8
Q

Describe organic minerals

A
  • Amino acids chelated/bound minerals
  • Phytates & oxalates if present inhibit absorption
  • Not to be confused w/ USDA organic
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9
Q

What occurs secondary to an inverse dietary calcium to phosphorus ratio

A
  • Nutritional hyperparathyroidism
  • Osteo dystrophy
  • Reduced serum Ca & increased serum P -> stimulate PTH -> Osteoclasts release Ca from bone & kidneys excrete more phosphorus ->. bone demineralization (reduced radiodensity)
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10
Q

What are the functions of calcium

A
  • Dev & maintenance of bones & teeth
  • Blood clotting
  • Muscle contraction
  • Cell signaling
  • A/B (cation)
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11
Q

What are the sources of Ca

A
  • Bone
  • Dairy
  • Dicalcium phosphate
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Calcium citrate
  • Greens
  • Legumes
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12
Q

Describe Ca deficiency

A
  • Decreased bone density (osteoporosis & rickets)
  • Milk fever in cows
  • Eclampsia in btiches
  • Ca:P ratio must be 1:1 to 2:1 for dogs & cats
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13
Q

What can occur w/ Ca toxicity

A
  • Musculoskeletal disorders
  • Calcium oxalate urilithiasis
  • Kidney disorders
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14
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus

A
  • Dev & maintenance of bones & teeth
  • Energy (ATP)
  • Component of phospholipid
  • A/B (anion)
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15
Q

What are the sources of phosphorus

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Meat
  • Grain & brans
  • Dicalcium phosphate
  • Common preservative in human food
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16
Q

What can occur w/ phosphorus deficiency

A
  • Decreased appetite & growth
  • Skeletal disorders
  • Lethargy
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17
Q

What can occur w/ phosphorus toxicity

A
  • Bone loss
  • Nutritional hyperparathyroidism/nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
  • Maybe chronic kidney disease
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18
Q

What is the function of Na & Cl

A
  • Nerve impulses
  • A/D (sodium is a cation & chloride is a strong anion)
  • Osmotic balance & water balance
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19
Q

What are the sources of Na & Cl

A
  • Sodium chloride (table salt)
  • Potassium chloride
  • Various organic forms
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20
Q

What can occur w/ Na & Cl deficiency

A
  • Hydration disorders
  • Decreased appetite & weight loss
  • Hypochloridemia can occur secondary to vomiting
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21
Q

What occurs w/ Na & Cl toxicity

A
  • Thirst
  • Neuro signs like seizures
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22
Q

What is the function of potassium

A
  • cellular AP (muscle function & nerve impulses)
  • A/B (strong cation)
  • Osmotic balance
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23
Q

What are the sources of potassium

A
  • Organic (forage, fruit, & veggies)
  • Inorganic (potassium chloride, potassium citrate, & potassium gluconate
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24
Q

What can occur when there is a Potassium deficiency

A
  • Hypokalemia can occur secondary to diuretics & CKD
  • Decreased appetite & growth
  • Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Cats have head & neck ventroflexion
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25
Q

What can occur w/ potassium toxicity

A
  • Hyperkalemia can occur secondary to CKD
  • Decreased HR & arrythmias
  • Reduce magnesium absorption
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26
Q

What is the function of Magnesium

A
  • Cofactor for several enzymes (energy metabolism)
  • Cellular AP
  • Immune fxn
  • Component of bone
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27
Q

What are the sources of Magnesium

A
  • Organic (muscle, bone, grain, & legumes)
  • Inorganic (limestone, MgCl, MgS, & MgOx)
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28
Q

What can occur if there is a magnesium deficiency

A
  • Tetany & muscle weakness
  • Decreased bone density
  • Mg deficiency is associated w/ Ca deficiency so if px is hypocalcemic that is hard to correct check the magnesium
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29
Q

What can occur if there is magnesium toxicity

A
  • Paralysis
  • Urinary stones
  • Alkalosis (cation)
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30
Q

What is the fxn of iron

A
  • Enzyme cofactor
  • Oxygen transport (hemoglobin)
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31
Q

What are the sources of iron

A
  • Grain
  • Ferrous sulfate
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32
Q

What can occur if there is an iron deficiency

A
  • Anemia
  • Poor skin & haircoat
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33
Q

What can occur if there is an iron toxicity

A
  • Decreased appetite & weight loss
  • Liver disorders
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34
Q

What is the function of iodine

A

Component of thyroid hormones

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35
Q

What are the sources of iodine

A
  • Iodized salt
  • Potassium iodine
  • Seaweed
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36
Q

What can occur if there is a def in iodine

A
  • thyroid disorders
  • Poor skin & haircoat
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37
Q

What can occur if there is iodine toxicity

A
  • Decreased appetite & weight loss
  • Goiter
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38
Q

What element deficiency causes coat color discoloration (rust color)

A

Copper deficiency

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39
Q

What is the function of copper

A
  • Enzyme cofactor
  • Hemoglobin synthesis
  • Skin & coat
  • Bone dev
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40
Q

What is the function of zinc

A
  • Enzyme cofactor
  • Immune response
  • Skin & coat
  • Bone dev
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41
Q

What are the sources of copper

A
  • Organ meat
  • Copper sulfate
  • Copper carbonate
  • Copper oxide
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42
Q

What can occur if there is a copper deficiency

A
  • Anemia
  • Poor skin & haircoat (black coat dilution)
  • Aortic rupture
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43
Q

What can occur if there is copper toxicity

A
  • Copper hepatopathy (some dogs like labs are predisposed to it)
  • Kidney disease in sheep
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44
Q

What are the sources for zinc

A
  • organ meat
  • Zinc methionine
  • Zinc sulfate
  • Zinc oxide
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45
Q

What can occur if there is a zinc deficiency

A
  • Poor skin & haircoat
  • Decreased appetite & weight loss
  • Decreased reprodution
  • Diarrhea
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46
Q

What can occur if there is zinc toxicity

A
  • Hemolytic anemia
  • Vomiting
  • Copper deficiency
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47
Q

What is the function of selenium

A
  • Enzyme cofactor
  • Immune response
  • Antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase)
  • Thyroid hormone production (T4 to T3)
48
Q

What are the sources of selenium

A
  • Seleno-methionine
  • Sodium selenite
49
Q

What can occur if there is a selenium deficiency

A
  • Muscular disorders
  • Decreased repro
50
Q

What can occur if there is selenium toxicity

A
  • Decreased appetite & weight loss
  • Neuro disorders
51
Q

What is the function of manganese

A
  • Enzyme cofactor
  • Bone dev
52
Q

What are the sources of manganese

A
  • Grains
  • Animal tissue
  • Magnesium chloride
  • Magnesium sulfate
  • Magnesium oxide
53
Q

What can occure if there is a manganese deficiency

A
  • Decreased reproduction
  • Liver disorders
54
Q

What can occur if there is manganese toxicity

A

Decreased appetite & weight loss

55
Q

What are the cations involved in Acid base

A
  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Magnesium
56
Q

What are the anions involved in acid base

A
  • Chloride
  • Phosphorus
  • Sulfur (methionine)
57
Q

What is the equation for dietary cation anion balance (DCAB) / Dietary cation anion difference (DCAD)

A

(Na + K) - (S + Cl)

58
Q

What are the function of acid-base

A
  • Blood pH
  • Urine pH
  • Muscle contraction & nerve conduction
59
Q

What are some mineral practical tips

A
  • Do not supplement mineral on top of a complete & balanced pet food unless there is a specific indicaiton
  • Folks involved w/ pet food/large animal feed production shoul know what they are doin
  • If you suspect a nutrient deficiency/toxicity conduct a nutrition assissment which includes evaluating the current diet & feeding management
60
Q

List the fat soluble vitamins

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Vitamin E
  • Vitamin A
  • Vitamin K
61
Q

List the water soluble vitamins

A
  • Cobalamin (B12)
  • Folate (B9)
  • Niacin (B3)
  • Pyridoxine (B6)
  • Riboflavin (B2)
  • Thiamine (B1)
62
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A

A
  • Vission
  • Immunity
  • Antioxidants
  • Cellular differentiation
63
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin A

A
  • Plants (beta carotene)
  • Liver
  • Animal based omega-3 FA
64
Q

What are the 3 diff Vitamin As

A
  • Beta carotene (pre vitamin A)
  • Retinol
  • Retinal
65
Q

What can occur w/ a vitamin A deficiency

A
  • Poor appetite & weight loss
  • Decreased vision or blindness
  • Poor skin & hair coat
  • Decreased repro
66
Q

What can occur w/ vitamin A toxicity

A
  • Cervical/thoracic exostosis
  • Birth defect
  • Hypercalcemia
67
Q

How do dogs & cats get vitamin A

A
  • Dogs convert carotenoids from plants to active vitamin A
  • Cats can’t convert carotenoids so they need to obtain vitamin A from animal products or synthetic additives
  • Cats req retinal in active form
68
Q

What are the funcitons of Vitamin D

A
  • Calcium & phosphorus metabolism
  • Cell signaling
  • Other metabolic rxn
69
Q

What are the sources of vitamin D

A
  • Liver & kidneys
  • Salmon
  • Egg yolk
  • Plant based vitamin D2
  • Animal based vitamin D3
70
Q

T/F: Dogs & cats can synthesized vitamin D from sun exposure to the skin

A

False; neither of them can

71
Q

What can occur w/ vitamin D deficiency

A
  • Loss of bone & osteoporosis
  • Similar signs as ca deficiency
  • Rickets
72
Q

What can occur w/ vitamin D toxicity

A
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Production of calcium oxalate urinary stones
  • Dev orthopedic disease (cats have a higher max & are more tolerant of excessive amounts)
73
Q

What are the types of vitamin E

A
  • Alpha
  • Beta
  • Gamma
  • Delta - tocopherols
  • Tocotrienols
74
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E

A
  • Lipid antioxidant (stabilizes cell membranes)
  • Acts as a preservative for pet foods & products that contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
75
Q

What is the source of vitamin E

A

Tocopherols

76
Q

What can occur w/ vitamin E deficiency

A
  • Steatitis
  • Muscle weakness/myopath
77
Q

What is steatitis

A
  • Adipos inflammation/necrosis
  • Seen in cats eating diets inclusive of polyunsaturated FAs w/out adequate vitamin E to prevent oxidation
78
Q

What occurs w/ vitamin E toxicity

A
  • Not seen
  • Very high amounts could interfere w/ other fat soluble vitamins
79
Q

What are the types of vitamin K

80
Q

What are the functions of vitamin K

A
  • Important for blood clotting (factors II, VII, IX, & X)
  • Vitamin K dep proteins
81
Q

What are the sources of Vitamin K

A
  • Produced by gut microbes (K2) so no clear dietary req as long as GI health is optimal
  • Green leafy plants (K1)
82
Q

What occurs w/ vitamin Ki deficiency

A
  • Blood clotting disorders
  • Rodenticide that contain anticoagulants
  • Intestinal dx
  • Oral ax
83
Q

What occurs w/ vitamin K toxicity

A
  • None seen
  • Menadione (K3) in excessive amounts can cause anemia
84
Q

What is the function thiamin (vitamin B1)

A

Coenzyme for metabolic processes

85
Q

What are the sources of vitamin B1

A
  • Yeast
  • Kidney & liver
  • Legumes
  • Grain
  • Thiamine hydrochloride
86
Q

What can occur w/ deficiency

A
  • Neuro signs & weakness
  • Ventroflexion of the head & neck in cats
  • Poor appetite & weight loss
  • Heat sensitive
  • Thiaminase in raw fish
87
Q

What are the functions of riboflavin (vitamin B2)

A

Coenzyme for energy metabolism (respiratory chain) & antioxiant (regenerates gluttathione)

88
Q

What are the sources of riboflavin (vitamin B2)

A

Animal tissue

89
Q

What occurs w/ an riboflaving (vit B2) deficiency

A
  • Poor appetite & weight loss
  • Lethargy, weakness, & collapse
  • Corneal opacity
90
Q

What are the different forms of niacin (vit B3)

A
  • Niacinamide
  • Nicotinic acid
  • Nicotinamide
91
Q

What are the functions of Niacin (vit B3)

A
  • Coenzyme
  • Energy metabolism (NAD, NADP, & Precursors for TCA cycle)
92
Q

What are the sources Niacin (vit B3)

A
  • Plant (nicotinic acid)
  • Animal tissue (nicotinamide, NAD, & NADP coenzymes)
93
Q

What occurs w/ a niacin (vitamin B3)

A
  • Poor appetite & weight loss
  • Oral ulceration/inflammation, & tongue necrosis (black tongue)
94
Q

What are the functions of Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)

A
  • Precursor to coenzyme A
  • Fatty acid metabolism
95
Q

What are the sources of Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)

A
  • Organ meat
  • Egg yolk
  • Yeast
96
Q

What occurs w/ Pantothenic acid deficiency

A
  • Poor appetite & weight loss
  • Liver & heart disorders
97
Q

What are the forms of Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

A
  • Pyridoxal
  • Pyridoxamine
98
Q

What is the function of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

99
Q

What are the sources of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

A
  • Grains
  • Legumes
  • Animal tissue (esp. liver)
100
Q

What occurs w/ pyridoxine (vit B6) deficiency

A
  • Poor appetite & weight loss
  • Anemia
  • Neuroologic disorders like convulsions & twitching
101
Q

What is a for of folic acid (vit B9)

102
Q

What is the function of folic acid (vit B9)

A
  • Amino acid synthesis
  • Purine synthesis/ DNA synthesis
103
Q

What are the sources of Folic acid (vit B9)

A
  • Liver
  • Folic acid
104
Q

What occurs w/ a folic acid (vit B9) deficiency

A
  • Poor appetite & weight loss
  • Anemia
  • Clotting disorders
  • Cleft palate
105
Q

What happens to blood concentrations of vit B9 in GI disease

A

They can be increased or decrease

106
Q

What is the functions of cobalamin (Vitamin B12)

A
  • Coenzyme
  • Amino acid synthesis
  • DNA synthesis
107
Q

What are the sources of cobalamin

A
  • Animal tissue
  • Yeast
  • Gut microbes (works for herbivores but doesn’t absolve the need for dietary B12 for dogs & cats)
108
Q

What occurs w/ a cobalamin deficiency

A
  • Anemia
  • Can be secondary to GI disease (complex transport & absorption)
109
Q

What are the other forms of vitamin C

A
  • Ascorbate
  • Ascorbic acid
110
Q

What is the function of vit C

A
  • Coenzyme
  • Synthesis of collagen, L-carnitine
  • Antioxidant
111
Q

What occurs w/ vitamin C deficiency

A
  • None in dogs & cats
  • Not essential but included in pet food due to antioxidant activity
112
Q

What are the functions of Biotin (vit B7)

A
  • Coenzyme
  • Gluconeogenesis
  • FA metabolism
  • Skin/coat
113
Q

What are the sources of biotin

A
  • Animal tissue
  • Grain
  • Gut/GI microbes
  • Avidin (biotinase) in raw eggs
114
Q

What occurs w/ a biotin deficiency

A
  • Alopecia, dermatitis, & reduced pigment has been induced in cats
  • Daily req is published through true dieary req is unclear
115
Q

What are the functions of choline

A

Fatty acid metabolism/phosopholipid membrane fxn

116
Q

What are the sources of choline

A
  • Fish
  • Egg yolk
  • Choline chloride
117
Q

What occurs w/ a choline deficiency

A
  • Normally synthesized in the body
  • Poor appetite & weight loss
  • Hepatic lipidosis
  • Heart disorders

Nutrition (14 decks)

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