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Nutrition > Lecture 11: Feeds & Feedstuffs 1 (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Feeds & Feedstuffs 1 (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

List the nutrient categories

A
  • Water
  • Energy (Fat & Carbs)
  • Protein
  • Vitamins
  • Minerals
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2
Q

How is water supplied

A
  • Free drinking fresh water
  • Water in feed (dry v. wet ingredients)
  • Metabolic water (from chemical rxn in the body)
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3
Q

What % water is grass

A

60%

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4
Q

When should fresh water be available

A
  • Alway ava
  • Except after hard exercise in horses
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5
Q

What does consumption of water determine

A
  • Their dry matter intake (DMI)
  • Their production situations (dairy cows = need more water)
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6
Q

How is energy provided

A
  • Carbs (starch, hemicellulose, & cellulose)
  • Lipids (Solid fats & oils)
  • Can be provided by protein if necessary or if protein is fed in excess
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7
Q

What is energy req for

A

Maintenance, growth, repro (preg & lactation, & production

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8
Q

How is energy often measure

A
  • Kcals (= 1000 cals)
  • Mcals (=1000 kcals)
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9
Q

What is crude protein

A

Essential & non essential amino acids

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10
Q

What type of protein is defined in ruminants

A
  • Degradable intake protein
  • Undegradable intake protein
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11
Q

What is degradable intake protein

A

Protein used by rumen microbes & transformed into microbial protein

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12
Q

What is undegradable intake protein (bypass protein)

A
  • Protein that remains undegraded through the rumen
  • Will be available for digestion & absorption in the SI
  • Impt to help meet protein needs of high producing dairy cattle
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13
Q

Why is finding the dry matter content via measuring water content by oven drying impt

A
  • B/c knowing the DM content is one way that you can accurately calculate other nutrients
  • Need to determine how much an animal will eat of this feedstuff
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14
Q

What is the purpose of a proximate analysis of feedstuffs

A

Allows us to make legitimate comparisons of feedstuffs on the basis of specific nutrients

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15
Q

How do you get non structural carbs

A

By calculation

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16
Q

What are the structural components (provide fiber)

A
  • Stem (provides more fiber)
  • Leaves
  • Primarily cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin from the cell components (resistant to mammalian enzymes)
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17
Q

Describe cell contents

A
  • Soluble cell components (digestible)
  • Protein, sugars, & starch
  • Glucose (made from photosynthesis) can make starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, or lignin
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18
Q

T/F: The more leaf on the feedstuff the more digestible

A

True

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19
Q

T/F: As plants get more mature they become more digestible

A

False they become less digestible

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20
Q

Describe seeds

A
  • High in starch (corn)
  • High in fiber b/c of the hull for some plants
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21
Q

How is fiber measured

A
  • Crude fiber
  • Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
  • Acid detergent fiber (ADF)
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22
Q

Describe crude fiber

A
  • Not reliable & not very accurate
  • Mostly est indigestible portion
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23
Q

Describe NDF

A
  • Solubilizes cell contents
  • Leaves hemicellulose, cellulose, & lignin
  • Predictor of voluntary intake (provides bulk or fill)
  • Lower NDF values are desired
  • Increases as forages mature
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24
Q

Describe ADF

A
  • Estimates the most indigestible portion
  • Leave cellulose & lignin
  • Inversely related to digestibility
  • Forages w/ low ADF are higher in energy
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25
What is used as an index of gut fill
NDF
26
What NDF % will horses not eat
Above 65%
27
Which fibers are digestible & indigestible in ruminants
* Hemicellulose = most digestible * Cellulose = mid digestible * Lignin = indigestible
28
As lignin increases in ADF what happens to digestibility of cellulose
Decreases
29
What are non-structural carbs (NSC)
* Soluble component found in the plants cell contents (storage energy) * Consist of simple sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, & lactose), starch, & organic acids * Digested by endogenous enzymes like amylase * High in certain hays * High in grains * Very impt in horse nutrition
30
Describe forages (roughages)
* High in structural carbs * Low in energy * > 18% crude fiber * Divided into carbonaceous & proteinaceous (legumes)
31
What are carbonaceous
* Non-legume forages like grasses * Ex. timothy grass
32
What are proteinaceous
* Legumes * Higher in calcium & protein * Alfalfa * Clover
33
What happens to the nutrient content as forages mature
All nutrients decrease (esp energy & protein) & fiber increases
34
Describe bermuda grass
* Warm season grass * Used for lawns, pastures, & hays * Have a dense root mass & spread through rhizomes (below ground stems) & stolons (above ground stems) * Becomes very fibrous when it is over matured
35
Describe ryegrass
* Cool season grass * High quality
36
What are the two dx associated w/ perennial ryegrass
* Ryegrass staggers * Facial eczema
37
Describe Ryegrass staggers
* fungal endophyte in seed head produces toxins (peramine & lolitrem b) * can effect horse, cattle, sheep, & llamas * can recover if removed from the pasture early
38
Describe facial eczema
* Saprophytic fungus growing on the dead plants produces sporidesmins (mycotoxin) * Causes photosensitization & skin lesions
39
Describ annual ryegrass toxicosis w/ annual ryegrass
* Seed head can be infected (yellow slime) by the seed gall nematode, & the nematode is infected by a seed gall bacteria which produces corynetoxin * Causes brain damage
40
Describe smooth bromegrass
* Rel winter hardy * Very common cool season grass * Grows north into Canada * No toxic factorsa
41
What is TE fescue
* Toxic wild endophyte fescue * Toxic alkaloids * Causes animal disorders * Has dev the endophyte to give the plant drought resistance * Also helps w/ pest resistance
42
What is EF fescue
* Endophyte free fescue * No alkaloids * No drought resistance or pest * Don't do well in the south
43
Describe tall fescue
* Used in lawns & pastures * Cool season grass but can adapt to warm climates
44
What is NE fescue
* Novel endophyte * Strains of endophyte that don't produce alkaloids * Do have resistance
45
What problems are associated w/ TE fescue
* Endophyte produces ergot alkaloids like clavines & lysergic acids * If animal consumes TE w/ alkaloid the animal can get fescue foot, summer fescue toxicosis, * mares can have prolonged gestation, weak foals, abortion, agalactia
46
What do the alkaloids cause
* Vasoconstriction * Hypersensitivity * Impaired heat stress recognition
47
Describe fescue foot
* Gangrene * In cattle * Loss of blood flow to the extremities
48
Describe summer fescue toxicosis
* In cattle * Elevated body temp * Rapid breathing * Poor growth * Rough hair coat
49
Describe timothy grass
* Cool season grass * Doesn't withstand drought * Often grown along w/ another grass (ex orchardgrass) * Impt hay grass & good for horses
50
Describe orchardgrass
* Very productive, common, cool season grass * Quality grass hay * Not drought resistant or hoof resistant * Usually cut in early bloom or prior to bloom
51
What can little blue stem have
Feathery seed spikes that can get caught on the animal
52
Describe orchardgrass
* Very productive, common, cool season grass that makes quality grass hay * Not as drought resistant or animal hoof resistant as tall fescue * Usually cut in early bloom or prior to bloom
53
Describe legumes
* Fix their own nitrogen w/ bacteria assoc w/ their roots * High mineral content (esp calcium) * Drought tolerant * palatable
54
What are the problems with/ alfalfa
* Bloat in cattle if grazed (highly soluble proteins attacked by slime producing bacteria) * Blister beetle toxicity in horses
55
Describe blister beetle toxicity
* From Alfalfa baled in MW, SW, & mountains * Beetles baled contain cantharidin * GI irritation & death * Less toxic in cattle & death * Oral ulcers & colic * Check all bales prior to feeding
56
What are the problems are sweet clover
* High in coumarin which is converted by molds to dicoumarol (a anti-vitamin K & interferes w/ blood clotting) * Is known as sweet clover dz (affects cattle more, most significant prob is carcass damage from bruising)
57
Describe problems with red clover
* Rust colored mold on the leaves produces slaframine * Causes excessive slobbering in horses
58
What is the problems associated w/ alsike clover
* Alsike clover poisoning * Unknown toxin * Acute poisoning - causes photosensitization in horses * Chronic poisoning - causes liver failure accompanied by neuro impairment in horses
59
Describe the probles assoc/ white clover
* Can cause bloat * Contains cyanogenic glycosides that can produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN) - detoxification of HCN in the rumen & liver produces thiocyanate which inhibits binding of iodine in the thyroid gland
60
What are forbs
* Low growing broadleaf plant that commonly grows w/ grass plants * Goats are browser & consume many forbs

Nutrition (26 decks)

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